代词

代词

一.概念:

   代词是代替名词的词, 按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。

二.相关知识点精讲

1.人称代词
　1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。

  2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：
　  I like table tennis. （作主语）

Do you know him?（作宾语）

3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：

---Whos is knocking¹ at the door?

---It’s me.

4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：

He is older than me.

He is older than I am.
2. 物主代词
　1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性

物主代词，如下表所示。

  2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：
　  Our teacher is coming to see us.
　  This is her pencil-box.
　3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。
　　 Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语）
　 --- Is this English-book yours? （作表语）
　 --- No. Mine is in my bag.
　 I've already² finished³ my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语）
3. 指示代词
　  指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。

1) this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those

则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：
　 This is a pen and that is a pencil．
　 We are busy these days．
　 In those days the workers had⁴ a hard time．

2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲

到的事物，例如：
　 I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.
　 What I want to say is this ; pronunciation⁵ is very important⁶ in learning⁷ English．

3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如：
　 Television⁸ sets⁹ made¹⁰ in Beijing are just as¹¹ good as those made in Shanghai．
  4)this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：

  Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack¹² speaking?

4. 反身代词
　   英语中用来表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我们自己"，"你们自己"

等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。

    代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。

　 1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人

或一些人。
　   He called himself¹³ a writer¹⁴．
　   Would¹⁵ you please express¹⁶ yourself¹⁷ in English?　

2)作表语。
　    It doesn't matter．I'll be myself¹⁸ soon．
　    The girl in the news¹⁹ is myself．
　 3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。
　    I myself washed the clothes．（=I washed the clothes myself.）（作主语同位语）
　    You should ask the teacher himself．（作宾语同位语）
5. 不定代词
　  不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表

语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：

1)some与any的区别

①some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。

     Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.

    . Some rice in the bag has been sold²⁰ out.

     ②any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。

     If you have any questions, please ask me.

     There isn't any orange in the bottle.

     Have you got²¹ any tea?

    ③any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。

     How many people can you see in the picture?

     I can't see any.

     If you have no money, I'll lend²² you some.

        注意：与some, any结合的词如something, somebody²³, someone²⁴, anything, anyone²⁵, anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some, any的用法相同。

2) few²⁶, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别

①用作形容词：

含义 用法	表示肯定	表示否定
用于可数名词	a few虽少，但有几个	few不多，几乎没有
用于不可数名词	a little，虽少，但有一点	little不多，没有什么

  I'm going²⁷ to buy a few apples.

  He can speak only a little Chinese.

  There is only a little milk in the glass.

  He has few friends.

  They had little money with them.

②a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。

  I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)

  Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)

  Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)

  She slept very little last night.

3)other, the other, another, others²⁸, the others的区别。

用  法	代名词		形容词
	单数	复数	单数	复数
不定	another 另一个	others 别人，其他人	another (boy) 另一个（男孩）	other (boys) 其他男孩
特定	the other 另一个	the others 其余那些人、物	the other (boy) 另一个男孩	the other (boys) 其余那些男孩

①other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别

的”。

  Where are his other books?

  I haven't any other books except²⁹ this one.

②other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。

  He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.

  She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.

③other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。

  Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.

  This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.

④“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。

  We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until³⁰ 8 o'clock.

  In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.

⑤another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.

  You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?

  Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?

⑥another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。

  I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.

4)every与each的区别。

each	every
1)可单独使用	1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词	2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别”	3)着重“全体”，毫无例外
4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物	4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物

  The teacher gave³¹ a toy to each child.

  Each ball has a different colour.

     当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。

  Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.

Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.

5)all和both的用法。

①all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。

  All of us like Mr Pope³². 我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语）

  = We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)

  All the water has been used³³ up. (作主语)

  That's all for today. (作表语)

  Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)

  All the leaders³⁴ are here. (作定语)

  ②both作代词。

a.与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。

  Lucy and Lily³⁵ both agree³⁶ with us.

  They both passed on their sticks³⁷ at the same time.

  How are your parents? They're both fine.

  b.与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。

  Both of them came³⁸ to see Mary.

  Both of the books are very interesting.

c.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。

  Michael has two sons. Both are clever.

  I don't know which book is the better, I shall³⁹ read both.

③both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。

  Both his younger⁴⁰ sisters are our classmates.

 . There are tall trees on both sides⁴¹ of the street.

6. 相互代词
    表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。
　 We should learn from each other / one another. （作宾语）
　 Do you often write to each other / one another? （作宾语）
　 We often borrow⁴² each other's / one another's books. （作定语）
　 The students corrected⁴³ each other's / one another's mistakes⁴⁴ in their homework.

（作定语）

7. 疑问代词
疑问代词有who，whom⁴⁵，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑

问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：

Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）

What is that?  (作表语)

Whose umbrella is this?  (作定语)

Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)

8.关系代词

关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：

I hate⁴⁶ people who talk much but do little.

I’m looking at the photograph⁴⁷ which you sent me with your letter.

With the money that he had saved⁴⁸, he went on with his studies.

Do you know the lady who is interviewing⁴⁹ our headmaster⁵⁰?

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高考大纲3500单词卡片及默写本点击购买

1 knocking   

n.爆震音，卡答卡答的故障声音v.敲，击，打( knock的现在分词 )；（心）怦怦跳；把…撞击成（某种状态）；批评

参考例句：

• The newspapers are too fond of knocking the team. 报纸专爱挖苦那个队。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I could hear knocking, as if someone wanted out. 我听到敲门声，好像有人想要出去。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 already   

adv.已经

参考例句：

• We have eaten already.我们已经吃过了。
• I've been there already,so I don't want to go again.我早已去过那里了，所以我不想再去了。

3 finished   

adj.完成的，精湛的；v.动词finish的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• We finished up everything there was on the table. 我们把桌上的东西全吃完了。
• We can certainly have the job finished on time.我们肯定能按时完成任务。

4 had   

vbl.have的过去式和过去分词；conj.有

参考例句：

• I just had a good idea!我有个好主意！
• The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。

5 pronunciation   

n.发音，发音法

参考例句：

• Please correct my pronunciation.请纠正我的发音。
• She speaks English with a good pronunciation.她的英语发音很正确。

6 important   

adj.重要的；重大的；严重的

参考例句：

• It's important to find out what he is doing.弄清他在干什么是重要的。
• This is a very important problem.这个问题很重要。

7 learning   

n.学问，学识，学习；动词learn的现在分词

参考例句：

• When you are learning to ride a bicycle,you often fall off.初学骑自行车时，常会从车上掉下来。
• Learning languages isn't just a matter of remembering words.学习语言不仅仅是记些单词的事。

8 television   

n.电视(机) [=TV]

参考例句：

• Do you often watch television?你经常看电视吗？
• Please turn off the television.请把电视关上。

9 sets   

n.凝固( set的名词复数 )；（一）套；布景；集v.放( set的第三人称单数 )；安插；树立；安排

参考例句：

• There is reasonable concordance between the two sets of results. 两组结果之间有着合理的一致。
• There is a contradiction between the two sets of figures. 这两组数据相互矛盾。

10 made   

v.make的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• They were not made in china.它们不是中国制造的。
• The monkey made a long arm for the peach.猴子伸臂去摘桃子。

11 as   

conj.按照；如同

参考例句：

• He got work in a hotel as a waiter.他在一家旅馆找到了当服务生的工作。
• In the hotel,the old men were drinking away as usual.在旅馆里，这些老人和往常一样喝个不停。

12 jack   

n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克

参考例句：

• I am looking for the headphone jack.我正在找寻头戴式耳机插孔。
• He lifted the car with a jack to change the flat tyre.他用千斤顶把车顶起来换下瘪轮胎。

13 himself   

pron.他自己

参考例句：

• He is proud of himself.他为自己感到自豪。
• He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。

14 writer   

n.作家，记者，撰稿者，抄写员

参考例句：

• Dickens was a famous English writer.狄更斯是英国著名作家。
• He is a very popular writer but I don't like his style.他是个很受欢迎的作家，但我不喜欢他的文风。

15 would   

aux.will的过去式；愿，要；常常；大概；将要，会

参考例句：

• Why would you say that?为什么你会这么说？
• Would you please help me?你能帮帮我吗？

16 express   

vt.表达，表示，表现；压榨，榨出；n.快车，快邮，快件，速递；adj.特快的，特殊的

参考例句：

• Everyone is free to express himself.每个人都可以畅所欲言。
• Send the letter by express.用快件把这封信寄出去。

17 yourself   

pron.你自己

参考例句：

• I need you to do it yourself.我要你亲自做。
• Late again,Tom?I hope you can explain yourself.汤姆，又迟到了？我希望你能说明理由。

18 myself   

pron.我自己

参考例句：

• Should I do it myself?我应该自己做吗？
• I woke up to find myself in the hospital.我醒来发现自己在医院里。

19 news   

n.新闻，消息

参考例句：

• No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。
• I like reading hot news.我喜欢读热点新闻。

20 sold   

v.动词sell的过去式、过去分词

参考例句：

• John's house was sold to a Frenchman.约翰的房子卖给了一个法国人。
• This kind of books is sold by all booksellers.所有的书商都出售这种书。

21 got   

v.(get的过去式)得到，猜到，明白

参考例句：

• I just got some bad news.我刚得到一些坏消息。
• I have got far too much work to do.我要做的事太多了。

22 lend   

v.把…借给；借给

参考例句：

• Would you lend me some money?能借我一些钱吗？
• They had no reading books to lend.他们没有阅读用书可以出借。

23 somebody   

n.重要人物；pron.某人，有人

参考例句：

• Somebody is using the computer.有人在用电脑。
• He seems to be somebody.他似乎是个重要人物。

24 someone   

pron.某人，有人

参考例句：

• I can hear someone knocking.我听到有人敲门。
• Someone wants to see her.有人找她。

25 anyone   

pron.(=everybody)任何人

参考例句：

• Anyone who wants to can join.愿意的都可以参加。
• Have you got anyone to speak for you?你找到人代表你们发言了吗？

26 few   

adj.很少的，不多的，少数的；int.少数的

参考例句：

• There are few woods in that area.那个地区几乎没有森林。
• I have a few questions.我有些问题要问你。

27 going   

n.去，离去，地面(或道路)的状况，工作情况；(复数形式）goings: 行为；adj.进行中的，流行的，现存的

参考例句：

• We're going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。
• He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.他不愿离开办公室去度假。

28 others   

prep.(pl.)另外的人

参考例句：

• Learning from others is important.向别人学习很重要。
• She is always ready to help others.她总是乐于助人。

29 except   

v.除，除外，反对；prep.除了...之外，若不是，除非

参考例句：

• Everybody is here except tom.除了汤姆大家都到了。
• He never came except when he was in trouble. 除非有了困难，他从来不到这里来。

30 until   

prep.直到...为止；conj.直到...时才...

参考例句：

• He arrived home until midnight.他直到半夜才到家。
• She didn't sleep until midnight.她直到半夜才睡。

31 gave   

vbl.（give的过去式）给予，产生，发表

参考例句：

• He asked for money and I gave him some.他要钱，我给了他一些。
• I gave you a map so you wouldn't get lost. 我给你一张地图，这样你就不会迷路了。

32 pope   

n.（罗马天主教的）教皇

参考例句：

• The Pope is the spiritual leader of many Christians.教皇是众多基督徒的宗教领袖。
• The Pope is the supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church.教皇是罗马天主教的最高领袖。

33 used   

adj.用旧了的，旧的；习惯于…；过去惯/经常

参考例句：

• I used to work until nearly 6:00 o'clock each day.我过去常常工作到6:00左右。
• He used to walk anywhere from two to five miles an hour.他过去经常一小时走二至五英里。

34 leaders   

n.领袖( leader的名词复数 )；（管弦乐队的）首席小提琴手；最佳的人（或物）；（在赛跑、商业等活动中）处于领先地位的人（或物）

参考例句：

• leaders of industry and commerce 工商界领导人
• Officials are laying the groundwork for a summit conference of world leaders. 官员们正在为世界首脑峰会做准备工作。

35 lily   

n.百合，百合花，睡莲

参考例句：

• She is as fair as lily.她像百合花一样美。
• She destroyed a lily flower.她破坏了一朵百合花.

36 agree   

vi.同意，赞成，承认，适合；vt.同意

参考例句：

• I totally agree with you.我完全同意你的看法。
• They could not agree about who should do the work.对于谁该做这项工作，他们意见不一致。

37 sticks   

n.乡间，边远地区；棍( stick的名词复数 )；人；枝条；球棍v.粘贴( stick的第三人称单数 )；张贴；插入；刺入

参考例句：

• Bacteria sticks to food debris in the teeth, causing decay. 细菌附着在牙缝中的食物残渣上, 导致蛀牙. 来自《简明英汉词典》
• These sticks are not strong enough to stay up. 这些棍子不够结实，撑不住屋顶。 来自《简明英汉词典》

38 came   

v.动词come的过去式

参考例句：

• I was surprised why he came here so early.他为什么那么早到这里，我很惊奇。
• The doctor came in time to save his life.医生及时来抢救他的生命。

39 shall   

v.aux.（主要用于第一人称）将

参考例句：

• I shall always love you.我将永远爱你。
• Which club shall we join?我们要参加哪个社团？

40 younger   

adj.年轻的；n.年纪较小的人

参考例句：

• My younger brother hides behind the door. 我弟弟躲在门后。
• She is older than me but my other sisters are younger. 她比我大，其余都是我妹妹。

41 sides   

adv.侧&n.提花织机墙板

参考例句：

• The two sides signed a peace accord last July. 在刚过去的七月，双方签订了和平条约。
• Both sides affirmed their commitment to the ceasefire. 双方均申明答应停火。

42 borrow   

vt.借，借入，借用；vi.借

参考例句：

• Can I borrow two books at a time?我可以一次借两本书吗？
• You can borrow this dictionary from the library.你可以从图书馆借到这本字典。

43 corrected   

adj.折算的，修正的，校正的v.改正( correct的过去式和过去分词 )；[数学、物理学]校正；（试卷）改错；批改

参考例句：

• Tom has not nearly corrected his shortcomings in work. 汤姆远远没有改正自己在工作中的缺点。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• A squint can sometimes be corrected by an eyepatch. 斜视有时候可以通过戴眼罩来纠正。 来自《简明英汉词典》

44 mistakes   

n.错误( mistake的名词复数 )；过失；误解；（用词或数字上的）错误v.弄错，误解( mistake的第三人称单数 )；认不出；误会；看错

参考例句：

• In her haste to complete the work on time, she made a number of mistakes. 她急急忙忙想按时完工，结果出了不少错。
• Be humble enough to learn from your mistakes. 要虚心地从自己的错误中学习。

45 whom   

pron.谁（who的宾格）

参考例句：

• That is the man whom I met in Beijing last year.他就是我去年在北京碰见的那个人。
• He married a wife by whom he had two daughters.他娶了妻子并跟她生了两个女儿。

46 hate   

n.憎恨，厌恶，厌恶的人或事；vt.憎恨，不愿；vi.表示憎恨

参考例句：

• We hate our enemy.我们憎恨敌人。
• Snakes are my special hate.蛇是我最憎恶的东西。

47 photograph   

n.相片；vi.照相，摄影；vt.给...照相

参考例句：

• This photograph is too small.这张照片太小了。
• He put the photograph on the desk.他把照片放在书桌上。

48 saved   

v.拯救( save的过去式和过去分词 )；收集；保留；避免

参考例句：

• They scrimped and saved to give the children a good education. 他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱让孩子受到良好的教育。
• She had saved a few titbits for her cat. 她给猫留了点好吃的东西。

49 interviewing   

v.面试( interview的现在分词 )；访问；会见；（私下）提问

参考例句：

• an offbeat approach to interviewing 别开生面的采访
• I'm interviewing all this afternoon. 整个下午，我都要进行面试。 来自《简明英汉词典》

50 headmaster   

n.(英)中小学校长

参考例句：

• Mr.Jones became headmaster last year.琼斯先生去年当了校长。
• The whole school like the headmaster.全校师生都喜欢这位校长.