美国国家公共电台 NPR 巴西陆海空军三位将领于同日卸任 政局再陷动荡

Brazil is going through tumultuous times. Today, the country lost its army, air force and navy chiefs. The government says all three are being replaced. This is the biggest political crisis to hit the Brazilian military in decades. And it comes just one day after the president fired his defense¹ and foreign ministers. All this while Brazil is struggling with the world's worst surge of COVID-19 deaths. NPR's Philip Reeves joins us now from Rio de Janeiro.

巴西正在经历动荡时期。今天，这个国家失去了陆军、空军和海军的首领。政府称这三名将领都将被替换。这是巴西军方数十年来遭遇的最大政治危机。就在前一天，巴西总统解雇了国防部长和外交部长。这一切都发生在巴西正与全球最严重的新冠肺炎死亡人数激增作斗争之际。NPR新闻的菲利普·里弗斯将从里约热内卢和我们连线。

Hi, Phil.

你好，菲尔。

PHILIP REEVES, BYLINE²: Hi.

菲利普·里夫斯连线：你好。

SHAPIRO: Yesterday, you were talking about the exodus³ of the Cabinet members and now all three military chiefs gone in one day. What's happening?

夏皮罗：昨天，你报道了多名内阁成员离职的消息，而现在，三名军事将领在同一天离任。发生了什么？

REEVES: Well, when you boil it down, Ari, this is about President Jair Bolsonaro's efforts to use Brazil's military for his own political ends. The departure of these three military chiefs, it's connected with Bolsonaro's surprise decision yesterday to fire his defense minister, who's a general known to disapprove⁴ of Bolsonaro's efforts to politicize the military. His dismissal seems to have upset these three military chiefs. There are multiple reports here from credible⁵ outlets⁶ saying they resigned en masse in protest, although they haven't publicly confirmed that. We know one of the three who's the head of the army, or was, has spoken out before about keeping Brazil's military independent from politics. And the other day, we had, you know, a good example of why these three might be worried. Bolsonaro's fiercely opposed to pandemic lockdowns. And he told a crowd of supporters he was willing to use Brazil's army to guarantee freedom of movement. And that sort of behavior makes some of the top brass⁷ uneasy, especially now when they don't want to be associated with Bolsonaro's disastrous⁸ response to the pandemic.

里夫斯：阿里，这可以归结为总统雅伊尔·博尔索纳罗利用巴西军方实现自已政治目的的行动。这三名军事将领的离职，与博尔索纳罗昨天出人意料地决定解雇国防部长有关，众所周知，国防部长不赞成博尔索纳罗将军队政治化的努力。他的免职似乎使这三名军事将领感到不安。来自巴西可靠媒体的多个报道称，这三名将领集体辞职以示抗议，不过他们尚未公开种说法。我们知道，三名军事将领中有一位曾说过要让巴西军队独立于政治之外。前几天发生的事情能充分说明为何这三人可能感到担心。博尔索纳罗强烈反对疫情封锁措施。他对支持者表示，他愿意动用巴西军队来保障行动自由。而这种行为让一些军方高层感到不安，尤其是现在他们不想与博尔索纳罗在应对疫情方面的灾难性表现联系在一起。

SHAPIRO: Yeah, it is an odd time for him to pick this fight with the military while Brazil is suffering from the pandemic worse than any other country in the world.

夏皮罗：好，对他来说，现在选择与军方斗争有点奇怪，因为巴西正在遭受比世界上任何其他国家都严重的疫情。

REEVES: Yeah, I think Bolsonaro knows his position is weakening. He was pretty much forced by Congress to dump his foreign minister, which he did yesterday. That was a big humiliation⁹ for Bolsonaro. Some here believe that his unexpected decision to sack the defense minister on the same day was intended actually as a counterattack deliberately¹⁰ to trigger the exit of the three military chiefs so that he could bring in new generals more loyal to him and his far-right government. So in that — if that's right, it would be an effort to shore up his position and, crucially, to give him greater control over the military. Analysts¹¹ say that if that's true, it's worrying, but we'll have to see who he appoints as the new military chiefs.

里夫斯：没错，我认为博尔索纳罗知道他的地位正在被削弱。昨天，他几乎是在国会的逼迫下解雇了他的外交部长。这对博尔索纳罗来说是一大耻辱。有些人认为，他在同一天出人意料地决定解雇国防部长，是在故意反击，以触发三名军事将领的离开，以便他能任命对他及其极右政府更加忠诚的将领。因此，如果这是事实，那他就是在努力巩固自已的地位，更重要的是，这可以让他对军队有更大的控制权。分析人士表示，如果这是真的，那情况令人担忧，不过我们要看看他任命的军事将领人选。

SHAPIRO: Bolsonaro has had such a close relationship with the military. Is that love affair over?

夏皮罗：博尔索纳罗与军方有着非常密切的关系。他们之间的恋爱结束了吗？

REEVES: Well, it's certainly got a lot messier. This is a defining moment, Ari. I mean, remember, Bolsonaro's an army captain. He's packed government with thousands of military officers, some in key positions. He's also an open admirer of Brazil's past military dictatorship. You'll remember that when he came into power in 2019, a lot of people were worried that he and the generals were a threat to Brazil's democracy. Today, though, we appear to have seen military chiefs actually standing¹² up for democracy. But I should add that these commanders don't represent everyone in the barracks. I mean, Brazil's military is known to include some hard-line anti-democratic elements.

里夫斯：情况肯定非常复杂。这是决定的时刻，阿里。记住，博尔索纳罗曾是陆军上尉。他上任后将数千名军官安插进政府，其中一些人身居要职。他也是巴西过去军事独裁政权的公开崇拜者。你应该记得，2019年他上台时，很多人都担心他和这些将军是对巴西民主的威胁。不过，今天我们似乎看到军事将领在为民主而战。但我要补充的是，这些指挥官并不代表军营里的每一个人。众所周知，巴西军队中有一些强硬的反民主分子。

SHAPIRO: And is there any risk of Bolsonaro being driven from power?

夏皮罗：博尔索纳罗有被赶下台的危险吗？

REEVES: At this stage, I don't think that's the case, although he's in trouble. I mean, many Brazilians are really distressed¹³ by his response to COVID-19. They say his denialism allowed the virus to run rampant¹⁴, turning Brazil into a global health risk. People in Congress are threatening to impeach¹⁵ him. And an election's coming up next year. And his archenemy, the former leftist president, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, is back in the political game. So that's not a recipe for stability.

里夫斯：我认为现阶段没有，尽管他处于困境中。许多巴西人对他应对新冠肺炎的表现感到沮丧。他们表示，他否认的态度导致病毒肆虐，使巴西成为全球健康风险。国会议员威胁要弹劾他。巴西将于明年举行选举。而他的大敌、前左翼总统路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦又回到了政坛。因此这不是保持稳定的方法。

SHAPIRO: That's NPR's Philip Reeves in Rio de Janeiro.

夏皮罗：以上是NPR新闻的菲利普·里弗斯从里约热内卢带来的报道。

Thank you, Phil.

谢谢你，菲尔。

REEVES: You're welcome.

里夫斯：不客气。

1 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

2 byline   

n.署名；v.署名

参考例句：

• His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
• We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。

3 exodus   

v.大批离去，成群外出

参考例句：

• The medical system is facing collapse because of an exodus of doctors.由于医生大批离去，医疗系统面临崩溃。
• Man's great challenge at this moment is to prevent his exodus from this planet.人在当前所遇到的最大挑战，就是要防止人从这个星球上消失。

4 disapprove   

v.不赞成，不同意，不批准

参考例句：

• I quite disapprove of his behaviour.我很不赞同他的行为。
• She wants to train for the theatre but her parents disapprove.她想训练自己做戏剧演员，但她的父母不赞成。

5 credible   

adj.可信任的，可靠的

参考例句：

• The news report is hardly credible.这则新闻报道令人难以置信。
• Is there a credible alternative to the nuclear deterrent?是否有可以取代核威慑力量的可靠办法？

6 outlets   

n.出口( outlet的名词复数 )；经销店；插座；廉价经销店

参考例句：

• The dumping of foreign cotton blocked outlets for locally grown cotton. 外国棉花的倾销阻滞了当地生产的棉花的销路。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• They must find outlets for their products. 他们必须为自己的产品寻找出路。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

7 brass   

n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器

参考例句：

• Many of the workers play in the factory's brass band.许多工人都在工厂铜管乐队中演奏。
• Brass is formed by the fusion of copper and zinc.黄铜是通过铜和锌的熔合而成的。

8 disastrous   

adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的

参考例句：

• The heavy rainstorm caused a disastrous flood.暴雨成灾。
• Her investment had disastrous consequences.She lost everything she owned.她的投资结果很惨，血本无归。

9 humiliation   

n.羞辱

参考例句：

• He suffered the humiliation of being forced to ask for his cards.他蒙受了被迫要求辞职的羞辱。
• He will wish to revenge his humiliation in last Season's Final.他会为在上个季度的决赛中所受的耻辱而报复的。

10 deliberately   

adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地

参考例句：

• The girl gave the show away deliberately.女孩故意泄露秘密。
• They deliberately shifted off the argument.他们故意回避这个论点。

11 analysts   

分析家，化验员( analyst的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• City analysts forecast huge profits this year. 伦敦金融分析家预测今年的利润非常丰厚。
• I was impressed by the high calibre of the researchers and analysts. 研究人员和分析人员的高素质给我留下了深刻印象。

12 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

13 distressed   

痛苦的

参考例句：

• He was too distressed and confused to answer their questions. 他非常苦恼而困惑，无法回答他们的问题。
• The news of his death distressed us greatly. 他逝世的消息使我们极为悲痛。

14 rampant   

adj.(植物)蔓生的；狂暴的，无约束的

参考例句：

• Sickness was rampant in the area.该地区疾病蔓延。
• You cannot allow children to rampant through the museum.你不能任由小孩子在博物馆里乱跑。

15 impeach   

v.弹劾；检举

参考例句：

• We must impeach the judge for taking bribes.我们一定要检举法官收受贿赂。
• The committee decided to impeach the President.委员会决定弹劾总统。