2021年经济学人 反全球化当思《谷物法》(2)

The second lesson is the need for small victories to generate momentum¹, rather than going for big wins immediately— Peel's policy of "gradualism".

第二个教训是，需要小的胜利来产生动力，而不是立即取得大的胜利——皮尔的“渐进主义”政策。

His plan did not fully² remove sliding-scale tariffs³ until 1849, giving time for landowners to adapt.

他的计划直到1849年才完全取消浮动关税，给土地所有者时间来适应。

Meanwhile, Britain's free-trade moves helped usher⁴ in a wave of trade agreements across Europe and with America.

与此同时，英国的自由贸易举措在欧洲和美国掀起了一波贸易协定浪潮。

The third lesson is the need for tangible⁵ benefits for the public.

第三个教训是，公众需要切实的利益。

By 1850, people were paying around a quarter less for bread than if repeal⁶ had not occurred, according to Kevin O'Rourke of NYU Abu Dhabi.

据阿布扎比纽约大学的凯文·奥罗克称，到1850年，人们购买面包的费用比废除该法案之前减少了1/4。

The real incomes of society's top 10% fell, while those of the bottom 90% grew slightly, notes Douglas Irwin of Dartmouth College.

达特茅斯学院的道格拉斯·欧文指出，社会上收入最高的10%的人的实际收入下降了，而收入最低的90%的人的实际收入略有增长。

Much can be learned from Peel's approach.

我们可以从皮尔的方法中学到很多东西。

Today, free trade is promoted by stale policy wonks and rapacious⁷ executives, nothing like the broad, energetic coalition⁸ of the past.

如今，自由贸易与过去广泛而积极的联盟不同，相反是由陈腐的政策书呆子和贪婪的高管推动的。

Opponents of globalisation use social media far more effectively than its supporters.

全球化的反对者比支持者更有效地利用了社交媒体。

Politicians vie for grand gestures rather than quiet incrementalism. And the benefits of free trade are largely hidden from consumers.

政客们争夺的是大刀阔斧的姿态，而不是安静的渐进主义。自由贸易的好处在很大程度上被消费者所掩盖。

Those who take to the ramparts to protest against globalisation fail to notice why their smartphones are so cheap.

那些拿起壁垒来抗议全球化的人没有注意到他们的智能手机为什么这么便宜。

Yet the most important lesson is about leadership.

然而，最重要的教训是领导力方面。

Peel had opposed repealing⁹ the Corn Laws but, faced with a crisis, he was willing to split his party and lose his job to do the right thing.

皮尔曾反对废除《谷物法》，但在面临危机时，为了做正确的事，他愿意分裂自己的政党甚至丢掉自己的工作。

The divided Conservatives rarely held power during the following 30 years.

在接下来的30年里分裂的保守党很少掌权。

It was "the whole community" that mattered, Peel wrote in his memoirs¹⁰, and whether "cheapness and plenty are not (better) ensured for the future" by free trade than by protectionism.

皮尔在回忆录中写道，重要的是“整个社会”以及自由贸易是否能比保护主义“更好地保证未来的廉价和富足”。

What leader would be willing to do that today?

今天有哪个领导人愿意这样做呢？

1 momentum   

n.动力，冲力，势头；动量

参考例句：

• We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
• The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。

2 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

3 tariffs   

关税制度； 关税( tariff的名词复数 )； 关税表； （旅馆或饭店等的）收费表； 量刑标准

参考例句：

• British industry was sheltered from foreign competition by protective tariffs. 保护性关税使英国工业免受国际竞争影响。
• The new tariffs have put a stranglehold on trade. 新的关税制对开展贸易极为不利。

4 usher   

n.带位员，招待员；vt.引导，护送；vi.做招待，担任引座员

参考例句：

• The usher seated us in the front row.引座员让我们在前排就座。
• They were quickly ushered away.他们被迅速领开。

5 tangible   

adj.有形的，可触摸的，确凿的，实际的

参考例句：

• The policy has not yet brought any tangible benefits.这项政策还没有带来任何实质性的好处。
• There is no tangible proof.没有确凿的证据。

6 repeal   

n.废止，撤消；v.废止，撤消

参考例句：

• He plans to repeal a number of current policies.他计划废除一些当前的政策。
• He has made out a strong case for the repeal of the law.他提出强有力的理由，赞成废除该法令。

7 rapacious   

adj.贪婪的，强夺的

参考例句：

• He had a rapacious appetite for bird's nest soup.他吃燕窝汤吃个没够。
• Rapacious soldiers looted the houses in the defeated city.贪婪的士兵洗劫了被打败的城市。

8 coalition   

n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合

参考例句：

• The several parties formed a coalition.这几个政党组成了政治联盟。
• Coalition forces take great care to avoid civilian casualties.联盟军队竭尽全力避免造成平民伤亡。

9 repealing   

撤销，废除( repeal的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• In addition, repealing the alternative minimum tax would also help. 此外，废除替代性最低税也会有所帮助。
• Repealing the investment tax credit. 取消投资税款扣除。

10 memoirs   

n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数)

参考例句：

• Her memoirs were ghostwritten. 她的回忆录是由别人代写的。
• I watched a trailer for the screenplay of his memoirs. 我看过以他的回忆录改编成电影的预告片。 来自《简明英汉词典》