TED演讲:麸质有什么大不了的(3)

 　　There's no reliable blood or tissue test, partly because gluten sensitivity isn't a single disease, 现今没有可靠的血液测试或组织测试来确诊，部分原因是麸质敏感不是单一疾病，

　　and has a number of different possible causes. 而可能由一系列不同原因引起。

　　For example, it may be the case that gluten can activate¹ the immune system in the small intestine², 譬如，起因可能是麸质可以启动小肠内的免疫系统，

　　or cause it to become leaky. 或者让小肠变得泻漏。

　　But sometimes, people claiming gluten sensitivity are actually sensitive not to wheat proteins, 但偶而一些人说自己麸质过敏，其实并非对小麦蛋白过敏，

　　but sugars found in wheat and other foods, called fructans. 而是对小麦和其他食物内的糖分过敏，这种糖叫果聚醣。

　　The human intestine can't break down or absorb fructans, so they make their way to the large intestine or colon,  人体肠道无法消化或吸收果聚醣，因此果聚醣会到大肠或结肠，

　　where they're fermented³ by bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids and gases. 然后与那里的细菌发酵，产生短链脂肪酸和气体。

　　This leads to unpleasant symptoms in some people with bowel⁴ problems. 这给一些人带来不快的肠道症状问题。

　　Another possible explanation behind gluten sensitivity is the nocebo effect. 另一种说法是以为有害的反安慰剂效应引起敏感。

　　This occurs when a person believes something will cause problems, and because of that belief, it does. 即一个人相信自己对某些东西敏感时，会出现敏感症状，正是这种想法让敏感症状出现。

　　It's the opposite of the more well-known and much more fortuitous placebo⁵ effect. 上述效应和更广为人知、更偶发，以为有利的安慰剂反应刚好相反。

　　Given how much bad press gluten is getting in the media, 由于麸质的媒体形象日益低下，这种情况下，

　　the nocebo response may play a role for some people who think they're sensitive to gluten. 反安慰剂反应也许影响到那些觉得自己对麸质敏感的人。

　　For all these reasons, 上述种种原因，

　　it's clear that the problems people develop when they eat wheat and other grains aren't exclusively due to gluten. 清楚显示人们食用小麦等谷物时遇到的种种问题，不能完全归咎于麸质。

　　So a better name than non-celiac gluten sensitivity might be wheat intolerance. 给非乳糜泻麸质敏感更恰当的名字，可能是小麦不耐症。

1 activate   

vt.使活动起来，使开始起作用

参考例句：

• We must activate the youth to study.我们要激励青年去学习。
• These push buttons can activate the elevator.这些按钮能启动电梯。

2 intestine   

adj.内部的；国内的；n.肠

参考例句：

• This vitamin is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine.这种维生素通过小肠壁被吸收。
• The service productivity is the function,including external efficiency,intestine efficiency and capacity efficiency.服务业的生产率是一个包含有外部效率、内部效率和能力效率的函数。

3 fermented   

v.（使）发酵( ferment的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）激动；骚动；骚扰

参考例句：

• When wine is fermented, it gives off gas. 酒发酵时发出气泡。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• His speeches fermented trouble among the workers. 他的演讲在工人中引起骚动。 来自辞典例句

4 bowel   

n.肠(尤指人肠)；内部，深处

参考例句：

• Irritable bowel syndrome seems to affect more women than men.女性比男性更易患肠易激综合征。
• Have you had a bowel movement today?你今天有排便吗？

5 placebo   

n.安慰剂；宽慰话

参考例句：

• The placebo has been found to work with a lot of different cases.人们已发现安慰剂能在很多不同的病例中发挥作用。
• The placebo effect refers to all the observable behaviors caused by placebo.安慰剂效应是指由安慰剂所引起的可观察的行为。