TED演讲:隐喻的艺术(1)

 　　When we talk, sometimes we say things directly. 我们说话时，有时候会直接说。

　　"I'm going to the store.""I'll be back in 5 minutes." “我要去商店。”“我5分钟内回来。”

　　Other times though, we talk in a way that conjures¹ up a small scene. 有时，我们会换一种方式让人想象一个场景。

　　"It's raining cats and dogs out," we say, or "I was waiting for the other shoe to drop." 我们会说“外面正在下猫下狗，”(倾盆大雨)或“我在等另一只鞋扔下来。”(提心吊胆地等待最后结果)

　　Metaphors³ are a way to talk about one thing by describing something else. 隐喻就是通过描述别的东西来谈论一个事物。

　　That may seem roundabout, but it's not. 听起来像是绕圈子，但实际上不是。

　　Seeing and hearing and tasting are how we know anything first. 最初，我们通过看、听、尝来了解事物。

　　The philosopher William James described the world of newborn infants as a "buzzing and blooming confusion." 哲学家威廉·詹姆斯把新生儿的世界描述为：“嗡嗡作响的盛开的困惑”。

　　Abstract ideas are pale things compared to those first bees and blossoms. 抽象概念同最初的蜜蜂和花相比十分苍白。

　　Metaphors think with the imagination and the senses. 隐喻同想象和感觉相联系。

　　The hot chile peppers in them explode in the mouth and the mind. 隐喻像辣椒点燃了嘴巴和思想。

　　They're also precise. 它们还十分精确。

　　We don't really stop to think about a raindrop the size of an actual cat or dog, but as soon as I do,  我们不会停下来思考猫狗大小的雨滴，但是一旦思考的话，

　　I realize that I'm quite certain the dog has to be a small one, a cocker spaniel, or a dachshund, 自己就会明确知道狗一定很小——也许是可卡犬或者腊肠，

　　and not a golden lab or Newfoundland. I think a beagle might be about right. 一定不会是拉布拉多或者纽芬兰犬，大概是小猎犬那么大。

　　A metaphor² isn't true or untrue in any ordinary sense. 比喻并不分真假。

　　Metaphors are art, not science, but they can still feel right or wrong. 比喻是艺术，不是科学，但仍能分出对错。

　　A metaphor that isn't good leaves you confused. 不好的隐喻让你困惑。

　　You know what it means to feel like a square wheel, but not what it's like to be tired as a whale. 你知道“觉得自己像一个方形轮”是什么意思，但不会明白“像蓝鲸一样累”。

　　There's a paradox⁴ to metaphors. They almost always say things that aren't true. 隐喻有一个悖论。他们总是用一些不真实的例子。

　　If you say, "there's an elephant in the room," there isn't an actual one, looking for the peanut dish on the table. 如果你说：“屋里有头大象。”(显而易见而又被忽略的事实)实际当然没有，看看桌上的花生就知道了。

　　Metaphors get under your skin by ghosting right past the logical mind. 隐喻从你的皮肤下直接连接逻辑思维。

　　Plus, we're used to thinking in images. 另外，我们习惯了形象思维。

　　Every night we dream impossible things. And when we wake up, that way of thinking's still in us. 每天晚上都梦到不可能发生的事。当我们醒来时，这种思维模式仍然存在。

　　We take off our dream shoes, and button ourselves into our lives. 我们离开梦境，一键进入现实生活。

　　Some metaphors include the words "like" or "as." "Sweet as honey," "strong as a tree." Those are called similes⁶. 有些比喻里有“像”、“同”这样的字，“像蜂蜜一样甜”，“同树一样健壮”。这些是明喻。

　　A simile⁵ is a metaphor that admits it's making a comparison. Similes tend to make you think. 明喻运用了比较。明喻让你思考。

　　Metaphors let you feel things directly. 隐喻让你直接感受事物。

　　Take Shakespeare's famous metaphor,"All the world's a stage."  拿莎士比亚最著名的比喻来举例：“世界是一个舞台。”

　　"The world is like a stage" just seems thinner, and more boring. “世界像一个舞台。”，看起来空洞，而且无趣。

　　Metaphors can also live in verbs. 动词中也存在隐喻。

　　Emily Dickinson begins a poem, "I saw no way, the heavens were stitched,"  艾米莉·狄金森的诗以“我看不到路，天空已被缝合，”

　　and we know instantly what it would feel like if the sky were a fabric⁷ sewn shut. 开头，我们马上就能明白天空变成一块织物是什么感觉。

　　They can live in adjectives too. 隐喻也可以用在形容词上。

　　"Still waters run deep," we say of someone quiet and thoughtful. “静水流深”用来指表面不声不响的人却蕴藏着大的智慧。

　　And the deep matters as much as the stillness and the water do. 像水流一样，深度和平静都十分重要。

1 conjures   

用魔术变出( conjure的第三人称单数 )； 祈求，恳求； 变戏法； （变魔术般地） 使…出现

参考例句：

• The word 'birthday' conjures up images of presents and parties. “生日”这个词使人想起礼物和聚会的情景。
• The name Sahara conjures up images of a desert of aridity. "撒哈拉"这个名字使人想起干旱的沙漠情景。

2 metaphor   

n.隐喻，暗喻

参考例句：

• Using metaphor,we say that computers have senses and a memory.打个比方，我们可以说计算机有感觉和记忆力。
• In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征。

3 metaphors   

隐喻( metaphor的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• I can only represent it to you by metaphors. 我只能用隐喻来向你描述它。
• Thus, She's an angel and He's a lion in battle are metaphors. 因此她是天使，他是雄狮都是比喻说法。

4 paradox   

n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法；自相矛盾的人(物)

参考例句：

• The story contains many levels of paradox.这个故事存在多重悖论。
• The paradox is that Japan does need serious education reform.矛盾的地方是日本确实需要教育改革。

5 simile   

n.直喻，明喻

参考例句：

• I believe this simile largely speaks the truth.我相信这种比拟在很大程度上道出了真实。
• It is a trite simile to compare her teeth to pearls.把她的牙齿比做珍珠是陈腐的比喻。

6 similes   

（使用like或as等词语的）明喻( simile的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Similes usually start with "like" or "as". 明喻通常以like或as开头。
• All similes and allegories concerning her began and ended with birds. 要比仿她，要模拟她，总得以鸟类始，还得以鸟类终。

7 fabric   

n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织

参考例句：

• The fabric will spot easily.这种织品很容易玷污。
• I don't like the pattern on the fabric.我不喜欢那块布料上的图案。