TED演讲 第5期:抑郁的狗 强迫症的猫(5)

 And there's actually an entire industry that is in some ways based on anthropomorphizing well,and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.  其实有一整个行业。基于贴切的拟人化那就是精神药物的行业。

One in five Americans is currently taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,from the antidepressants and antianxiety medications to the antipsychotics.  有五分之一的美国人 正在服用精神药物，从抗抑郁药 和抗焦虑的药物到抗精神病药。

It turns out that we owe this entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal² to other animals.  其实我们欠动物们一整个精神药物行业。这些药先在非人类动物身上测试。

These drugs were tested in non-human animals first,and not just for toxicity³ but for behavioral effects.  而且并不止测毒性 还会观察对行为的影响。

The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.  一个非常常用的安定剂--冬眠灵第一个放松的是老鼠，而不是人类。

The antianxiety medication Librium was given to cats selected for their meanness in the 1950s and made them into peaceable felines⁴.  利眠宁抗焦虑的药物在上世纪50年代喂给根据恶劣程度挑选出的猫然后让它们变的听话又温顺。

And even antidepressants were first tested in rabbits.  还有一些抗抑郁药 首先在兔子身上测试。

Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs to other animals as test subjects,but they're giving them these drugs as patients,both in ethical⁵ and much less ethical ways.  今天，被喂药的动物不是测试对象而是病人。出于道德和不道德的原因。

SeaWorld gives mother orcas antianxiety medications when their calves⁶ are taken away.  美国海洋世界 在拿走逆戟鲸妈妈 的宝宝之后喂给她抗焦虑药物。

Many zoo gorillas⁷ have been given antipsychotics and antianxiety medications.  很多动物园的大猩猩都会被喂精神病药和抗焦虑药。

But dogs like my own Oliver are given antidepressants and some antianxiety medications to keep them from jumping out of buildings or jumping into traffic.  而狗狗，像我的奥利弗一样吃抗抑郁药和抗焦虑药是为了防止它们从楼房里跳出去，或跳进车来车往的交通。

Just recently, actually, a study came out in Science that showed that even crawdads responded to antianxiety medication. 最近，一篇在科学杂志发表的一项研究表明连喇蛄（一种淡水小龙虾）也会对抗焦虑药有反应。

It made them braver, less skittish⁸, and more likely to explore their environment. 药物让它们更勇敢，不那么惊慌，并且更容易让它们勘察它们的环境。

It's hard to know how many animals are on these drugs,but I can tell you that the animal pharmaceutical¹ industry is immense and growing, from seven billion dollars in 2011 to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.  很难知道有多少动物 在服用这些药物，但我可以告诉你 动物制药业很强大且还在发展。从2011年的70忆美金到2015年预估的92.5忆。

Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.  有些动物会无限期服用这些药物。

Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee at the zoo there was on them until he started to save his Paxil prescription⁹ and then distribute it among the other bonobos. 还有些，比如密尔沃基动物园的黑猩猩本来一直服用 帕罗西直到他把药藏起来，并且分给其他黑猩猩就停用了。

More than psychopharmaceuticals, though, there are many, many, many other therapeutic¹⁰ interventions¹¹ that help other creatures.  除了精神药物以外，市面是上还有很多很多为动物治疗的方案。

And here is a place where I think actually that veterinary medicine can teach something to human medicine,  而这里，我认为是人类药学可以向兽类药学学习的地方。

Which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,compulsively chasing his tail,into the veterinary behaviorist,their first action isn't to reach for the prescription pad. 就拿你的狗来说，他可能不停地追自己的尾巴,见了动物行为学家，而他的第一反应不是去拿处方药方。

It's to ask you about your dog's life.  而是问问你，你家狗狗的生活。

1 pharmaceutical   

adj.药学的，药物的；药用的，药剂师的

参考例句：

• She has donated money to establish a pharmaceutical laboratory.她捐款成立了一个药剂实验室。
• We are engaged in a legal tussle with a large pharmaceutical company.我们正同一家大制药公司闹法律纠纷。

2 arsenal   

n.兵工厂，军械库

参考例句：

• Even the workers at the arsenal have got a secret organization.兵工厂工人暗中也有组织。
• We must be the great arsenal of democracy.我们必须成为民主的大军火库。

3 toxicity   

n.毒性，毒力

参考例句：

• The hoarse grunt or squeal is characteristic of toxicity.嘶哑的哼声和叫声是中毒的特征。
• Dieldrin is related to aldrin,and its toxicity to earthworms is similar.狄氏剂与艾氏剂有关，对蚯蚓的毒性是相似的。

4 felines   

n.猫科动物( feline的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Any of several felines, such as the cheetah or the snow leopard. 这片地区是濒临灭绝的雪豹的栖息地。 来自互联网
• Search in the basket of life, you will find it, answered Felines. 它在生命的篮子里＂巴思特女神回答道。 来自互联网

5 ethical   

adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的

参考例句：

• It is necessary to get the youth to have a high ethical concept.必须使青年具有高度的道德观念。
• It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments.那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。

6 calves   

n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子( calf的名词复数 )；牛犊；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 )；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），产（犊）；使（冰川）崩解

参考例句：

• a cow suckling her calves 给小牛吃奶的母牛
• The calves are grazed intensively during their first season. 小牛在生长的第一季里集中喂养。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 gorillas   

n.大猩猩( gorilla的名词复数 )；暴徒，打手

参考例句：

• the similitude between humans and gorillas 人类和大猩猩的相像
• Each family of gorillas is led by a great silverbacked patriarch. 每个大星星家族都由一个魁梧的、长着银色被毛的族长带领着。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 skittish   

adj.易激动的，轻佻的

参考例句：

• She gets very skittish when her boy-friend is around.她男朋友在场时，她就显得格外轻佻。
• I won't have my son associating with skittish girls.我不准我的儿子与轻佻的女孩交往。

9 prescription   

n.处方，开药；指示，规定

参考例句：

• The physician made a prescription against sea- sickness for him.医生给他开了个治晕船的药方。
• The drug is available on prescription only.这种药只能凭处方购买。

10 therapeutic   

adj.治疗的，起治疗作用的；对身心健康有益的

参考例句：

• Therapeutic measures were selected to fit the patient.选择治疗措施以适应病人的需要。
• When I was sad,music had a therapeutic effect.我悲伤的时候，音乐有治疗效力。

11 interventions   

n.介入，干涉，干预( intervention的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Economic analysis of government interventions deserves detailed discussion. 政府对经济的干预应该给予充分的论述。 来自辞典例句
• The judge's frequent interventions made a mockery of justice. 法官的屡屡干预是对正义的践踏。 来自互联网