美国有线新闻 CNN 世界摩天大楼简史

Skyscrapers¹ are really an American invention.

摩天大楼实际上是美国人的发明。

The first use of the word was around the 1880s'.

第一次使用这个词是在19世纪80年代左右。

They were office buildings that concentrated a workforce².

摩天大楼是集中了劳动力的写字楼。

They employ technologies like the elevator, like steel construction to build very efficiently³ and to pile a lot of space onto a small piece of land.

摩天大楼使用像电梯，像钢结构这样的技术，来实现在一小块土地上非常高效地建造以及堆叠大量的空间。

By using steel frame for structural⁴ support rather than heavy masonry⁵ walls, architects were able to get creative.

通过使用钢架作为结构支撑，而非沉重的石墙，建筑师能够发挥创造力。

Skyscrapers began to get taller around the turn of the 20th century.

大约在20世纪之交，摩天大楼开始变得更高。

There was competition to be the world's highest.

有了要成为世界上最高的竞争。

And that chemical tower comes so intimately connected with modernity.

而那座化学塔与现代性是如此紧密地联系在一起。

After World War II, a new kind of technology of glass allows for the curtain wall.

第二次世界大战后，一种新的玻璃技术使幕墙成为可能。

Windows you could open made way for giant glass worlds.

你可以打开的窗户为巨大的玻璃世界让路。

They gave more floor space and natural light, but fresh air was shut out and replaced with air conditioning.

他们提供了更多的建筑空间和自然光线，但新鲜空气被隔绝，取而代之的是空调。

In the 1960s' and '70s, that was the period of the World Trade Center with the Twin Towers.

20世纪60年代和70年代，那是世贸中心和双子塔的时期。

The Sears Tower in Chicago got a little bit taller, but it was also the end of an era as American cities began to suburbanize⁶ and spread out.

芝加哥的西尔斯大厦增高了一点，但这也标志着一个时代的结束，因为美国城市开始郊区化和扩张。

The U.S. had led the charge into the skies, but the rest of the world soon caught up.

美国率先冲上了天空，但世界其他国家很快也赶上了。

In Hong Kong where the land is very sparse⁷, going high is almost the only solution.

在土地资源非常稀少的香港，向高发展几乎是唯一的解决办法。

As that need in terms of urbanization, so people need to move to cities they need to work.

就城市化而言，这是需要的，所以人们需要搬到他们需要工作的城市。

In Asia and the Middle East, we took it to another level.

在亚洲和中东，我们把摩天大楼提升到了另一个水平。

Every city wants to have this landmark⁸ that give that sense of distinct culture.

每个城市都想拥有这样一个地标，它能给人一种独特的文化感。

From the end of the 20th century, architects in the east have been developing new techniques to beat the wind and climbed even higher.

从20世纪末开始，东方的建筑师们一直在开发新的技术来抵御风力，攀登到更高的地方。

We want to design the shape that is not square.

我们想要设计的形状不是方形的。

We want rounded corners or faceted⁹ corners so that it takes pressure off the building when the wind hits it.

我们想要圆角或多面角，这样当风吹过建筑物时，就可以减轻建筑的压力。

We design the building to sway a little bit.

我们设计的建筑物会有一点摇晃。

We use reinforced concrete to have that flexibility¹¹, that also absorbs movement.

我们使用钢筋混凝土来实现这种灵活性，这也能使晃动得到缓冲。

The Taipei 101 used a step design, cut out corners and a 700-ton suspended dampener to help it withstand typhoons and earthquakes.

台北101大楼采用阶梯式设计，合适的切角和一个700吨重的悬挂式阻尼器，来帮助建筑抵御台风和地震。

But it was Dubai's Burj Khalifa that redefined super tall.

但重新定义超高的是迪拜的哈利法塔。

It's exaggerated take of shape, ability to flex¹⁰ up to six feet at its top and a double layered outer skin help it to counter desert storms and extreme heat.

它具有夸张的外形，顶部可弯曲至6英尺高，双层外部结构帮助其抵御沙漠风暴和极端高温。

To build the world's tallest tower is a great demonstration¹² of technological¹³ know-how¹⁴, as well as wealth, of course, but the vanguard of architects has been very focused on sustainability.

建造世界第一高楼当然是技术知识和财富的伟大展示，但建筑师的先锋们一直非常关注可持续性。

Tall buildings is sustainable where we can have a lot of people in a small footprint, but we all understand that building in itself is taking resources from the Earth.

高层建筑是可持续发展的，我们可以在一个小的空间里容纳很多人，但我们都知道建筑本身就是从地球上获取资源。

In cities like Hong Kong where skyscrapers dominate the environment, but also contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions¹⁵.

在像香港这样的城市，摩天大楼主宰着环境，但也造成了大量的温室气体排放。

The century's old reach into the sky is now in question.

一个世纪以来，人们对天空的向往现在成了一个问题。

The skyscrapers become complicated negotiations¹⁶ between the way that we want to live in the future and the possibilities of how we can.

摩天大楼成为我们未来想要的生活方式和我们可以如何生活的可能性之间的复杂谈判。

There are many different approaches of culture, of government, of public policy that either constrains¹⁷ or enable skyscrapers.

有许多不同的文化、政府和公共政策的方法，它们要么限制摩天大楼，要么使其成为可能。

1 skyscrapers   

n.摩天大楼

参考例句：

• A lot of skyscrapers in Manhattan are rising up to the skies. 曼哈顿有许多摩天大楼耸入云霄。
• On all sides, skyscrapers rose like jagged teeth. 四周耸起的摩天大楼参差不齐。

2 workforce   

n.劳动大军，劳动力

参考例句：

• A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture.劳动人口中一大部分受雇于农业。
• A quarter of the local workforce is unemployed.本地劳动力中有四分之一失业。

3 efficiently   

adv.高效率地，有能力地

参考例句：

• The worker oils the machine to operate it more efficiently.工人给机器上油以使机器运转更有效。
• Local authorities have to learn to allocate resources efficiently.地方政府必须学会有效地分配资源。

4 structural   

adj.构造的，组织的，建筑（用）的

参考例句：

• The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
• The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。

5 masonry   

n.砖土建筑；砖石

参考例句：

• Masonry is a careful skill.砖石工艺是一种精心的技艺。
• The masonry of the old building began to crumble.旧楼房的砖石结构开始崩落。

6 suburbanize   

使成[变]为市郊，市郊化

参考例句：

7 sparse   

adj.稀疏的，稀稀落落的，薄的

参考例句：

• The teacher's house is in the suburb where the houses are sparse.老师的家在郊区，那里稀稀拉拉有几处房子。
• The sparse vegetation will only feed a small population of animals.稀疏的植物只够喂养少量的动物。

8 landmark   

n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标

参考例句：

• The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.俄国革命是世界历史上的一个里程碑。
• The tower was once a landmark for ships.这座塔曾是船只的陆标。

9 faceted   

adj. 有小面的，分成块面的

参考例句：

• The skill with which Mr. Smith faceted the diamond is remarkable. 史密斯先生在钻石上雕刻小平面的精湛技巧真是了不起。
• Webb is a multi-faceted performer. 韦布是一个多才多艺的表演者。

10 flex   

n.皮线，花线；vt.弯曲或伸展

参考例句：

• We wound off a couple of yards of wire for a new lamp flex.我们解开几码电线作为新的电灯花线。
• He gave his biceps a flex to impress the ladies.他收缩他的肱二头肌以吸引那些女士们的目光。

11 flexibility   

n.柔韧性，弹性，（光的）折射性，灵活性

参考例句：

• Her great strength lies in her flexibility.她的优势在于她灵活变通。
• The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.人老了肌肉的柔韧性将降低。

12 demonstration   

n.表明，示范，论证，示威

参考例句：

• His new book is a demonstration of his patriotism.他写的新书是他的爱国精神的证明。
• He gave a demonstration of the new technique then and there.他当场表演了这种新的操作方法。

13 technological   

adj.技术的；工艺的

参考例句：

• A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
• Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今， 随着科技进步，生活节奏不断增快。

14 know-how   

n.知识；技术；诀窍

参考例句：

• He hasn't got the know-how to run a farm.他没有经营农场的专业知识。
• I don't have much know-how about engines.发动机方面的技术知识我知之甚少。

15 emissions   

排放物( emission的名词复数 )； 散发物（尤指气体）

参考例句：

• Most scientists accept that climate change is linked to carbon emissions. 大多数科学家都相信气候变化与排放的含碳气体有关。
• Dangerous emissions radiate from plutonium. 危险的辐射物从钚放散出来。

16 negotiations   

协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过

参考例句：

• negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
• Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。

17 constrains   

强迫( constrain的第三人称单数 )； 强使； 限制； 约束

参考例句：

• We'll ignore the continuity constrains. 我们往往忽略连续约束条件。
• It imposes constrains, restricting nature's freedom. 它具有限制自然界自由度的强制性。