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[00:00.00]Exercise 5
[00:03.40]Part A
[00:07.71]You will hear Dr.Wilson,a Professor of linguistics1,
[00:13.56]talk about formal and informal language.
[00:18.49]As you listen,answer Questions 1--10.by circling True or False.
[00:26.75]You will hear the lecture ONLY ONCE.
[00:31.19]You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 1--10.
[00:38.03]Today I want to talk about levels of language usage2.
[00:44.38]You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways,
[00:52.14]depending on the situation they are in.
[00:56.69]This is very natural
[01:00.63]All languages have two general,broad categories,or levels of usage:
[01:08.49]a formal level and an informal level.
[01:13.25]English is no exception3.
[01:17.01]I'm not talking about correct or incorrect English.
[01:22.86]What I'm talking about are two levels of correct English.
[01:29.60]The difference in these two levels is the situation
[01:35.56]in which you use a particular level.
[01:40.21]Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks,
[01:46.76]reference books such as encyclopedias,and in business letters.
[01:54.02]For example,a letter to a university would be in formal style.
[02:01.08]You would also use formal English in compositions and essays
[02:08.21]that write in school.
[02:12.44]People usually use formal English
[02:17.20]when they give classroom lectures or speeches
[02:22.55]and at ceremonies such as graduations.
[02:27.51]We also tend to use
[02:31.46]formal language in conversations with people we don't know well
[02:37.20]or with people we have a formal relationship with,such as
[02:43.66]professors,bosses,doctors,friends of our parents',strangers,etc.
[02:51.81]Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues,
[02:58.16]family and friends,and when we write personal notes or letters
[03:04.50]to close friends,as well as in diaries,etc.
[03:10.46]Formal language is different from informal language in several ways.
[03:17.41]However,today I'm going to talk only about a couple of ways.
[03:23.47]First of all,formal language tends to be more polite.
[03:29.50]Interestingly,it usually takes more words to be polite.
[03:35.67]For example,I might say to a friend or family member,
[03:42.22]"Close the door,please," but to a stranger or someone in authority4
[03:50.06]I probably would say "Would you mind closing the door?"or
[03:57.04]"Excuse me,could you please close the door?
[04:02.78]Using words like "could" and "would"
[04:08.14]makes my request sound more polite,but also more formal.
[04:15.48]I want to be polite but not too formal with my friends and family.
[04:21.83]Another difference between formal and informal language
[04:27.78]is some of the vocabulary.
[04:31.83]There are some words and phrases that belong in formal language
[04:38.39]and others that are informal.
[04:42.93]Let me give you a couple of examples of what I mean.
[04:47.87]Let's say "I'm just crazy about soccer!"
[04:53.12]But if I were talking to my supervisor5 or a friend of my parents
[04:59.39]I would probably say "I really enjoy soccer" or
[05:05.92]"I like soccer very much."
[05:10.26]Let's say I'm telling someone some news I heard about the police
[05:17.31]arresting a criminal.
[05:20.86]To my parents' friend I might say "The police arrested the thief."
[05:28.31]Although the line between formal and informal language
[05:34.86]is not always clear
[05:38.52]and although people are probably less formal today than in the past,
[05:44.97]it is useful to be aware
[05:49.02]that these two levels,or categories,do exist.
[05:54.98]The best way for a nonnative speaker of English to learn the difference
[06:02.42]is to observe the different ways
[06:07.07]English speakers speak or write in different situations.
[06:12.92]Television newscasters,your college professors in class,
[06:19.77]your doctors in their offices,etc.
[06:25.12]will usually speak rather formally.
[06:30.37]However,your classmates,teammates,family members,friends,etc.
[06:38.52]will generally speak in an informal fashion.
[06:44.17]The difference can be learned6 over time by observing
[06:50.51]and interacting8 with native speakers.
[06:55.76]You now have 20 seconds to check your answers to Questions 1--10.
[07:04.70]Question 1-10 according to Part A.
[07:06.74]1.All languages have two general levels of usage:
[07:08.75]a correct level and an incorrect level.
[07:10.79]2.People usually use formal language when they first meet someone.
[07:12.85]3.We tend to speak formally with colleagues.
[07:14.89]4.Formal language is used in all kinds of writings.
[07:16.95]5.Formal language and informal language are different in a couple of ways
[07:18.99]6.People usually use more words to sound more polite.
[07:21.03]7.The sentence "Bob is crazy about that music"
[07:23.09]is acceptable9 in conversation between patients and doctors.
[07:25.13]8.The word "cop10" is informal for "police officer"
[07:27.19]9.People were probably more formal in the past than today.
[07:29.23]10.The best way to learn the differencebetween formal
[07:31.29]and informal English is to pay attention to how native speakers
[07:33.33]use language in different situations and to interact7 with them.
[07:35.47]That is the end of Part A.
[07:39.52]Part B
[07:42.26]You will hear several conversations or talks
[07:48.04]and you must answer the questions by choosing A,B,C or D.
[07:56.29]You will hear the recording11 ONLY ONCE.
[08:01.44]Questions 11--13 are based on the following story
[08:09.80]about the ancient city of Pompeii.
[08:14.84]You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11--13.
[08:21.60]Today many people who live in large metropolitan12 areas
[08:27.74]such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summer.
[08:33.38]They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat
[08:40.23]Over 2,000.years ago,many rich Romans did the same thing.
[08:47.88]They left the city of Rome in the summer.
[08:52.53]Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii.
[08:59.19]Pompeii was a beautiful city;
[09:03.84]it was located on the ocean,on the Bay of Naples.
[09:08.99]In the year 79 A.D. a young Roman boy,named Pliny the Younger
[09:17.14]was visiting his uncle in Pompeii
[09:21.50]One day Pliny was looking up at the sky.
[09:27.25]He saw frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud.
[09:33.70]This black cloud rose high into the sky.
[09:39.45]What Pliny saw was the eruption13--
[09:44.59]the explosion--of the volcano14,Vesuvius.
[09:49.84]The city of Pompeii was at the foot of Mt.Vesuvius.
[09:55.88]When the volcano first erupted,
[10:00.95]many people were able to flee the city and to the scape death.
[10:06.59]In fact,18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster.
[10:12.94]Unfortunately,there was not enough time for everyone to escape.
[10:19.70]More than 2,000 people died.
[10:24.14]These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanicash.
[10:30.20]The eruption lasted for about three days.
[10:35.35]When the eruption was over,
[10:39.61]Pompeii was buried under 20 feet of volcanic15 rock and ash.
[10:45.77]The city of Pompeii was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years.
[10:53.71]In the year 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm.
[11:01.66]As he was digging,
[11:05.18]he uncovered16 a part of a wall of the ancient city of Pompeii.
[11:10.72]Soon archaeologists began to dig in the area.
[11:16.28]As time went by,much of the ancient city of Pompeii was uncovered.
[11:23.02]Today tourists come from all over the world
[11:27.99]to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.
[11:32.53]You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11--13.
收听单词发音 |
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linguistics
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| n.语言学 | |
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usage
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| n.惯用法，使用，用法 | |
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exception
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| n.例外,除外 | |
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authority
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| n.当局，官方；权力，权威，威信；当权者 | |
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5
supervisor
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| n.监督人，管理人，检查员，督学，主管，导师 | |
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learned
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| adj.有学问的，博学的；learn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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interact
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| vi.相互作用，相互影响，互通信息 | |
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interacting
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| adj.相互影响的；相互作用的 | |
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9
acceptable
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| adj.可接受的，合意的，受欢迎的 | |
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cop
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| n.警察；vt.抓住 | |
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recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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metropolitan
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| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
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eruption
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| n.火山爆发；（战争等）爆发；（疾病等）发作 | |
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volcano
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| n.火山 | |
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volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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uncovered
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| adj.无盖的，未保险的v.揭开…的盖子( uncover的过去式和过去分词 )；揭露，发现 | |
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