经济学人295:药物 赠人玫瑰手有余香

　　Business
商业报道
Pharmaceuticals²
药物
Give, and it shall be given unto you
赠人玫瑰手有余香
Drug companies in Japan invest in curing diseases of the poor
日本药品公司投资为穷人治病
JAPAN's pharmaceutical¹ firms are an inventive bunch: only the American and British drugs industries produced more new medicines between 2005 and 2008.
日本制药企业是充满创造力的工厂，在2005到2008年中，只有美国与英国的制药工业研发的新药比日本多。
But their record on healing the diseases of the poor is not so good.
不过他们在治疗穷人上表现欠佳。
2_副本.jpgThe Access to Medicine Foundation, a non-profit group, tracks drug firms' efforts to serve patients in developing countries; and in its ranking of the 20 biggest ones, Japanese firms occupy four of the bottom six rungs.
非盈利组织The Access to Medicine Foundation记录了制药公司在救助发展中国家病人上的表现。在20所最大的制药公司中，日本公司在最后6位中排名第四。
That may change. On November 8th the Global Health Innovative³ Technology Fund announced its first grants, to advance treatments for malaria⁴, tuberculosis⁵ and Chagas disease, a potentially fatal and frequently debilitating⁶ ailment⁷ spread by ghastly, bloodsucking “kissing bugs”.
但这数字有可能改变：11月8号，全球健康革新科技基金宣布它的首笔用于改进疟疾、肺结核和锥虫病的治疗手手段的拨款。
The fund, launched earlier this year, is a public-private partnership⁸ that includes five Japanese drugmakers: Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Shionogi and Takeda.
这基金成立于今年早些时候，是由5家公私合营的日本制药企业组成的，成员为Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Shionogi and Takeda。
Criticism of pharma companies for restricting low-income countries' access to drugs reached a head at the turn of the millennium¹⁰, when makers⁹ of life-saving HIV treatments refused to provide them at affordable¹¹ prices to patients in Africa.
在千年之交制药厂限制低收入国家购买药物途径，那时HIV治疗品制药厂拒绝以合理的价格将药品卖给非洲病人。
The resulting outrage¹² forced the drug firms to rethink their policies.
这一行为遭到指责。而这一引起公愤的结果迫使制药公司重新思考他们的政策。
Today most of the biggest ones tout¹³ themselves as allies in the fight against infectious disease.
现在大多数大型制药公司作为联盟联合起来与传染疾病作斗争。
In some cases this means donating medicines, or licensing¹⁴ technology to makers of generic¹⁵ drugs.
某些情况下这意味着捐药或者下放技术给一般药物厂。
In others it means collaborating¹⁶ to develop a new vaccine¹⁷ or treatment.
或者意味着合作开发新疫苗和治疗方式。
For example, GlaxoSmithKline, a British firm that tops the Access to Medicine Foundation's index, will next year seek regulatory approval for a malaria vaccine.
例如GlaxoSmithKline一家英国制药厂将会在明年寻找疟疾疫苗的调整方法。
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation helped to finance its development.
比尔盖茨夫妇基金将会投资这一研发。
With the GHIT Fund, the five Japanese firms are trying a slightly different model.
这5家日本企业希望用GHIT基金来发展一个有所不同的模式。
Each will put in 1m a year for five years.
在5年中，每家公司每年会投100万美金。
Together with investments from the Gates Foundation and Japan's government, the fund will add up to more than 100m.
加上来自盖茨基金和政府投资，这一基金将会有超过1亿美金的资金。
This will be doled¹⁸ out to partnerships¹⁹ between Japanese and foreign institutions.
这会少量的发放给日本和外国研究所。
For instance, researchers at Osaka University and Gulu University in Uganda will get 735,000 to improve the effectiveness of another proposed malaria vaccine.
马上，Osaka大学和乌干达Gulu大学的研究者就会获得735,000用于提高另一种疟疾疫苗的效率。
An important question for the fund, as with any similar endeavour, is how much the resulting new treatments will cost.
对于这个基金来说一个重要的问题就是在同等努力下研发新治疗方法要花多少。
GSK plans to sell its malaria vaccine at 5% above the cost of production, with proceeds pumped back into research for infectious diseases.
GSK计划以生产价的105%来出售他的疟疾疫苗，作为研究传染性疾病的后续资金。
Even so, some advocates worry it will still be too expensive.
即使这样，一些支持者担心定价仍有点高。
B.T. Slingsby, a former Eisai executive who now runs the GHIT Fund, says that drugs developed in its research programmes will be licensed²⁰ without royalties²¹ in the poorest countries.
之前B.T. Slingsby Eisai的总经理，现在GHIT的经营者说这个项目研发的药品在那些贫穷国家中被免版税使用。
In other markets, the fund will aim more or less to break even.
在其他市场中该基金则希望或多或少的打破平衡。
The companies' beneficence may reap long-term rewards, however.
但是公司的利益可能是长期回报。
For some time they have been seeking to expand their presence beyond Japan's shores.
有时他们在寻求途径希望自己的定位不仅仅是日本企业。
In 2011 Takeda bought Nycomed, a Swiss drugmaker, for about 14 billion.
2011年Takeda以140亿美金的价格买下了瑞士制药厂Nycomed。
In 2008 Daiichi Sankyo spent nearly 5 billion on Ranbaxy, an Indian drugmaker that has since been plagued by safety issues.
2008年Daiichi Sankyo投资近50亿在Ranbaxy。这是一家因为安全问题惹上麻烦的印度制药公司。
The GHIT Fund will be a far smaller, and less controversial, investment.
GHIT基金会成为缩小规模减少争议的组织。
But it will help the firms build links with prestigious²³ research institutions in America and Europe, and eventually introduce Japanese drug brands to patients, and health ministries²⁴, in emerging markets.
但他会帮助公司与欧美知名研究机构建立联系，并最终让新兴市场的病人和卫生部知道日本品牌。
Aid now may lead to profit later.
然后或许就可以创造利益。
1.force to 强迫
Rebound²⁵ force to achieve increased.
实现反弹力的增高。
The syrian army was designed as a static force to ward²² off an israeli attack, but it has shown itself to be surprisingly flexible.
叙利亚军方在应对以色列袭击的时候被描述成静态部队，但在这次它却展示了惊人的灵活作战能力。
2.add up to 等于； 意味着； 总起来说
These points add up to free air miles or cash discounts.
这些积分最后加起来就可以折算成免费旅程或现金折扣。
Monthly interest payments can add up to hundreds of dollars over the course of a year.
在一年的时间里，每月支付的利息加起来可达数百美元。
3.pump back 回抽作用
Stop staring at me like a cow! Pump him back up!
别像只母牛似的盯着我看!快救活他吧!
People there will pump me into the river and I will go back into the sea again.
人们会用泵把我抽到河流中然后我再回到大海中。
4.seek to 设法；企图，试图
Yet some expect him to seek to remove term limits.
可是，部分人士期望他设法废除任期限制。
And they seek to benefit from tiny operational changes.
他们也自生产流程的细微变更中寻求收益。

1 pharmaceutical   

adj.药学的，药物的；药用的，药剂师的

参考例句：

• She has donated money to establish a pharmaceutical laboratory.她捐款成立了一个药剂实验室。
• We are engaged in a legal tussle with a large pharmaceutical company.我们正同一家大制药公司闹法律纠纷。

2 pharmaceuticals   

n.医药品；药物( pharmaceutical的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• the development of new pharmaceuticals 新药的开发
• The companies are pouring trillions of yen into biotechnology research,especially for pharmaceuticals and new seeds. 这些公司将大量资金投入生物工艺学研究，尤其是药品和新种子方面。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 innovative   

adj.革新的，新颖的，富有革新精神的

参考例句：

• Discover an innovative way of marketing.发现一个创新的营销方式。
• He was one of the most creative and innovative engineers of his generation.他是他那代人当中最富创造性与革新精神的工程师之一。

4 malaria   

n.疟疾

参考例句：

• He had frequent attacks of malaria.他常患疟疾。
• Malaria is a kind of serious malady.疟疾是一种严重的疾病。

5 tuberculosis   

n.结核病，肺结核

参考例句：

• People used to go to special health spring to recover from tuberculosis.人们常去温泉疗养胜地治疗肺结核。
• Tuberculosis is a curable disease.肺结核是一种可治愈的病。

6 debilitating   

a.使衰弱的

参考例句：

• The debilitating disease made him too weak to work. 这个令他衰弱的病，使他弱到没有办法工作。
• You may soon leave one debilitating condition or relationship forever. 你即将永远地和这段霉运说拜拜了。

7 ailment   

n.疾病，小病

参考例句：

• I don't have even the slightest ailment.我什么毛病也没有。
• He got timely treatment for his ailment.他的病得到了及时治疗。

8 partnership   

n.合作关系，伙伴关系

参考例句：

• The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
• Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。

9 makers   

n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式）

参考例句：

• The makers of the product assured us that there had been no sacrifice of quality. 这一产品的制造商向我们保证说他们没有牺牲质量。
• The makers are about to launch out a new product. 制造商们马上要生产一种新产品。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 millennium   

n.一千年，千禧年；太平盛世

参考例句：

• The whole world was counting down to the new millennium.全世界都在倒计时迎接新千年的到来。
• We waited as the clock ticked away the last few seconds of the old millennium.我们静候着时钟滴答走过千年的最后几秒钟。

11 affordable   

adj.支付得起的，不太昂贵的

参考例句：

• The rent for the four-roomed house is affordable.四居室房屋的房租付得起。
• There are few affordable apartments in big cities.在大城市中没有几所公寓是便宜的。

12 outrage   

n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒

参考例句：

• When he heard the news he reacted with a sense of outrage.他得悉此事时义愤填膺。
• We should never forget the outrage committed by the Japanese invaders.我们永远都不应该忘记日本侵略者犯下的暴行。

13 tout   

v.推销，招徕；兜售；吹捧，劝诱

参考例句：

• They say it will let them tout progress in the war.他们称这将有助于鼓吹他们在战争中的成果。
• If your case studies just tout results,don't bother requiring registration to view them.如果你的案例研究只是吹捧结果，就别烦扰别人来注册访问了。

14 licensing   

v.批准，许可，颁发执照( license的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• A large part of state regulation consists of occupational licensing. 大部分州的管理涉及行业的特许批准。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
• That licensing procedures for projects would move faster. 这样的工程批准程序一定会加快。 来自辞典例句

15 generic   

adj.一般的，普通的，共有的

参考例句：

• I usually buy generic clothes instead of name brands.我通常买普通的衣服，不买名牌。
• The generic woman appears to have an extraordinary faculty for swallowing the individual.一般妇女在婚后似乎有特别突出的抑制个性的能力。

16 collaborating   

合作( collaborate的现在分词 )； 勾结叛国

参考例句：

• Joe is collaborating on the work with a friend. 乔正与一位朋友合作做那件工作。
• He was not only learning from but also collaborating with Joseph Thomson. 他不仅是在跟约瑟福？汤姆逊学习，而且也是在和他合作。

17 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

18 doled   

救济物( dole的过去式和过去分词 )； 失业救济金

参考例句：

• The food was doled out to the poor. 食品分发给了穷人。
• Sisco briskly doled out the United States positions on the key issues. 西斯科轻快地把美国在重大问题上的立场放了出去。

19 partnerships   

n.伙伴关系( partnership的名词复数 )；合伙人身份；合作关系

参考例句：

• Partnerships suffer another major disadvantage: decision-making is shared. 合伙企业的另一主要缺点是决定要由大家来作。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• It involved selling off limited partnerships. 它涉及到售出有限的合伙权。 来自辞典例句

20 licensed   

adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词)

参考例句：

• The new drug has not yet been licensed in the US. 这种新药尚未在美国获得许可。
• Is that gun licensed? 那支枪有持枪执照吗？

21 royalties   

特许权使用费

参考例句：

• I lived on about £3,000 a year from the royalties on my book. 我靠着写书得来的每年约3，000英镑的版税生活。 来自辞典例句
• Payments shall generally be made in the form of royalties. 一般应采取提成方式支付。 来自经济法规部分

22 ward   

n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开

参考例句：

• The hospital has a medical ward and a surgical ward.这家医院有内科病房和外科病房。
• During the evening picnic,I'll carry a torch to ward off the bugs.傍晚野餐时，我要点根火把，抵挡蚊虫。

23 prestigious   

adj.有威望的，有声望的，受尊敬的

参考例句：

• The young man graduated from a prestigious university.这个年轻人毕业于一所名牌大学。
• You may even join a prestigious magazine as a contributing editor.甚至可能会加入一个知名杂志做编辑。

24 ministries   

（政府的）部( ministry的名词复数 )； 神职； 牧师职位； 神职任期

参考例句：

• Local authorities must refer everything to the central ministries. 地方管理机构应请示中央主管部门。
• The number of Ministries has been pared down by a third. 部委的数量已经减少了1/3。

25 rebound   

v.弹回；n.弹回，跳回

参考例句：

• The vibrations accompanying the rebound are the earth quake.伴随这种回弹的振动就是地震。
• Our evil example will rebound upon ourselves.我们的坏榜样会回到我们自己头上的。