经济学人19:历史学家,学者托尼·朱蒂

 　　Obituary;Tony Judt;

　　讣告;托尼·朱蒂;

　　Tony Judt, historian and intellectual, died on August 6th, aged¹ 62;

　　历史学家、学者，托尼朱蒂于8月6日过世，享年62岁;

　　Quizical, erudite and clear-sighted, Tony Judt never let matters rest. He worried at his own beliefs—Zionist, Francophile, socialist² and Euro-federalist—until they fell apart and reformed under the pressure of his restless, meticulous³ intellect. Few people in the Anglo-Saxon world can call themselves “intellectuals”, continental-style, without feeling (and sounding) a little odd. But in Mr Judt's case the word deserved a capital “I”.

　　明智、好学，时刻秉承着探索精神，托尼朱蒂从来没有停止过探索的步伐。他曾一度担心自己的信仰－支持犹太主义、亲信法国以及欧洲联邦主义－直到这些信仰在他那无休止的、谨慎细微的学术精神的促使下，很好地分离并重组起来，他才不再担心。很少有人能在盎格鲁-撒克逊的世界里大胆地自称“学者”，而不感到名不副实，但到了朱蒂先生这里，没有人再比“我”更合适了。

　　In the world of brain and pen, his main trade was as a historian: he plunged⁴ into that at Cambridge in the 1960s, and stayed with it even when immobilised by the wasting disease that cost him his life. His was no narrow historicism: he scorned the idea that the past was a guide to the future. But study of it could help avoid making the same mistakes twice.

　　在智慧与笔尖的世界里，成为一个历史学家成为朱蒂先生的主要人生轨迹：他于19世纪60年代考进剑桥大学便开始从事这个行业，直到那最终夺走自己生命的恶疾让他无法动弹，他都从未离开过历史学。他所研究的并非狭隘的历史主义：他蔑视那些认为历史可以引领未来的观念。但他认为学习历史可以避免在同一个地方跌倒两次。

　　Though he worked in America from 1987, his intellectual centre of gravity was Europe; the defining event in his world view was the second world war, and Hitler's Holocaust⁵. The aftermath of those catastrophes⁶ was the theme of “Postwar” (2005), a 1,000-page tome that dealt with the 44 years between the end of the main fighting and the collapse⁷ of the Soviet⁸ totalitarian empire that survived it. It was a book more bought than read. But even skimmers got the message: the European Union was a vitally important experiment, an attempt to transcend⁹ the ideological¹⁰, nationalist and ethnic¹¹ schisms¹² that had cursed the continent. Prosperity, modernisation and peace, plus a judicious¹³ dose of amnesia¹⁴, would lay the ghosts to rest.

　　虽然朱蒂先生从1987年开始在美国工作，但他的学术中心依旧落在了欧洲；在他的世界观里，第二次世界大战以及希特勒的恐怖主义才算是大事件。这一系列的灾难所造成的后果便形成了一本主题为“战后欧洲史”（2005年出版）的书，这本长达1000页的巨著阐述了从主要战争的结束到苏维埃集权主义倒塌的这44年。大多数购买此书的人都没有读过。但只要是粗略读过此书的人都能得到这样的信息:欧盟曾是一个相当重要的实验，这个实验企图超越那些咒骂社会的理想民族主义者和民族分裂者。朱蒂先生认为繁荣，现代化以及和平，再加上少许明断的淡忘，这些便能安顿魔鬼，而更何况民众呢。

　　But Mr Judt was no sentimental¹⁵ Europhile. His deep connections with the Czechoslovak opposition¹⁶ under communism gave him rare binocular vision, and an edginess¹⁷ towards those who focused only on the luckier western half of the continent. He detested¹⁸ the shallowness and artificial obscurity of European-born intellectual fashions such as post-modernism and structuralism. In politics, he bemoaned¹⁹ what he saw as the degeneration of the EU into a racket run by an elite²⁰ class of administrators²¹ for the benefit of its richest citizens. Admittedly, the Eurocracy's enlightened despotism was better than the other kind. But the cult²² of efficiency was no substitute for democracy and justice.

　　但是朱蒂先生并非一个感性的亲欧盟主义者。他深入地关注斯洛伐克人在共产主义下的反抗行为，这一点使得他能细微地、犀利地洞察那些只关心那些幸运的富饶西方大陆的人。他讨厌那些浅薄的，诸如前现代化、建筑学等晦涩的欧洲土生土长的学术潮流。在政治方面，朱蒂先生认为欧盟已经堕落成一个由高层精英所操控的非法局面，而这些非法勾当全是为了那些最富有的公民的。他承认，欧洲开明的统治者比起其他的好很多。然而，但是民主和公平是不能用对效率的追求来代替的。

　　Mr Judt's deepest knowledge was of France, and particularly its post-war intellectual history, which he regarded with a mixture of fascination²³ and disgust. “Past Imperfect”, published in 1992, was the definitive²⁴ book about the self-indulgence and wilful²⁵ self-delusion of the French brainboxes who failed to see that Stalin was a monster.

　　朱蒂先生最深远的研究莫过于对法国的历史的学习，尤其是第二次世界大战之前的法国学术历史，他认为这段历史正是法国美好与丑恶并存的时期。一本名为“过去的瑕疵”的书在1992年出版，该书的最终版本正是关于那些法国统治者沉溺在对自我的放纵和自我的妄想中，并没有察觉到斯大林是个恶魔。

　　His evisceration²⁶ of the phoney and creepy was best displayed in his journalism²⁷, often in his natural home of the New York Review of Books. A savage²⁸ collection of essays, “Reappraisals”, published in 2008, skewered²⁹ among others Louis Althusser, a mad Marxist wife-killer with a cult philosophical³⁰ following, and Eric Hobsbawm, a distinguished³¹ British historian with unrepentant pro-Soviet views. George Bush fared little better: Mr Judt was a trenchant³² critic of his policies in Iraq and the Middle East.

　　朱蒂先生对虚假和骇人听闻的事情的反驳的文章常常出现在他的报刊中，但更加经常出现在他那个名为“纽约书评”的简单文集中，“重新评价”于2008年出版，在同类杂志中独树一帜，文中讲述了路易斯卢梭，一个疯狂的马克思主义者，对哲学有着疯狂的崇拜，杀死了自己的妻子，～～，一个独一无二的英国历史学家，却怀揣着不可悔改的前苏联观念。就连乔治布什总统都未得到另眼相待，朱蒂先生曾对他的伊拉克于中的哦个政策提出了严厉批评。

　　In hot water

　　水深火热

　　He was fearless in his fights. When he found the pro-Israel lobby in America too strong, and thought Israel's democratic credentials³³ were weakening, he said so. That got him into the hottest water of his career. It started with an essay in the NYRB in 2003 stating that the peace process was “finished”; that the Jewish state was an “anachronism”; and that legitimate³⁴ criticism of Israel was being silenced by bogus charges of anti-Semitism.

　　他从未畏惧战斗。当他发现在美国的前以色列团体活动过于激烈时，他意识到以色列的民主信任度正在下降，并且也这样发表了自己的意见这一点使得他陷入水深火热当中。这一切源自他在2003年NYRB杂志上发表的一篇文章，文中宣称，和平的过程已经“结束”；犹太人建立自己的国家只是个“时代的错误”；并且对以色列合法批判声音被反犹太主义的谣言所淹没了。

　　Nobody could accuse him of letting fly from a position of ignorance. He had been an ardent³⁵ teenage Zionist, working as an interpreter during the six-day war of 1967. But to many his critique was exaggerated. Given the intense publicity³⁶ he attracted, it was hard to argue, as he did, that debate was habitually³⁷ squelched³⁸. The notion that Israel had no friends outside America, or could be “the” (his italics) threat to world peace, struck even some of his friends as extreme. Lectures were cancelled and the New Republic, a longstanding ally, removed him from its masthead.

　　没有人能够抓到他懈怠的把柄，朱蒂先生曾经是一个热情而年轻的犹太主义者，曾在1967年的六日之战中担任翻译员的职务。但是对大多数人来说过于激进，当遇上令他着迷的紧张政治事件时，个人的观点往往很难得到承认，正如他做的那样，他的辩驳被很自然地掩埋了。他的一些关于以色列除美国外没有朋友或以色列对世界和平会造成什么威胁的观点，都极大地震撼了他的身边的朋友们。他的课程被删除，”新出版”——一个长期的合作伙伴也将他的名字从报头删除。

　　A severe self-critic, he dealt poorly with sniping from others. This East End boy did not wear his learning, or his polyglottal talents, lightly. He tended to dismiss adversaries³⁹ as fools, rather than as merely mistaken, or half-right. As the head of a richly endowed faculty⁴⁰ at New York University, his contempt for the poverty of British universities could sound gratingly complacent⁴¹. He could fund-raise. So should they.

　　他对别人的恶意中伤却嗤之以鼻，却是一位严厉的自我批评者。这位来自东部边上的男孩从来不轻易炫耀他的学识与多才多艺的天赋，他宁愿将自己的对手看成是一个个的傻子也不愿意将他们当成只是有一点点的学术过失或对学术方面是一知半解的人。作为纽约大学大额捐资教员中的领头人,他对英国大学普遍财政窘迫的轻蔑听起来可能成了刺耳的沾沾自喜。认为既然自己可以筹集资金，他们也应该可以。

　　His final ordeal⁴² might have inspired great self-pity, though he displayed no hint of it. Just under a year ago, he appeared at a public lecture in a wheelchair to announce that he was suffering from a variant⁴³ of motor-neurone disease, in which the body succumbs⁴⁴ to inexorable paralysis⁴⁵: like being imprisoned⁴⁶ in a shrinking cell, he said. But he wrote about that too, in poignant⁴⁷, crystalline vignettes about his upbringing and travels.

　　虽然朱蒂先生从未提及，但是临终前的病痛肯定引起他的极大自哀，就在一年前，他出现在公共演讲庭，坐在轮椅上告诉别人，自己现如今正被不同种类的动态神经细胞病变所折磨，这是一种将身体蹂躏成麻痹状态的病：感觉像困兽般被囚禁在一个不断缩小的牢笼中，他坦言到。但他也同样这样写过这些，就写在那些关于教训和人生旅行的辛酸和水晶般的小拼图中。

　　He was “raised on words” though by the end his vocal⁴⁸ muscle, “for 60 years my reliable alter ego” failed him: “vowel sounds and sibilant consonants⁴⁹ slide out of my mouth, shapeless and inchoate”. He minded that, while insisting that “the view from inside is as rich as ever”.

　　尽管他临终时坦言“这60年中我不断怀疑自我“.他却是“立足于学术信仰”,接着便是一段呜咽，然后他接着说“从我嘴里说出来的元音和辅音发出吱吱的声响，他们都那么得无形而且没有回音“。他沉默了一会，然后坚定地说到”只有源自心灵深处的声音才会永恒“

1 aged   

adj.年老的，陈年的

参考例句：

• He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了，也老点了。
• He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老，然而记忆力还好。

2 socialist   

n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的

参考例句：

• China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家，也是一个发展中国家。
• His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。

3 meticulous   

adj.极其仔细的，一丝不苟的

参考例句：

• We'll have to handle the matter with meticulous care.这事一点不能含糊。
• She is meticulous in her presentation of facts.她介绍事实十分详细。

4 plunged   

v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降

参考例句：

• The train derailed and plunged into the river. 火车脱轨栽进了河里。
• She lost her balance and plunged 100 feet to her death. 她没有站稳，从100英尺的高处跌下摔死了。

5 holocaust   

n.大破坏；大屠杀

参考例句：

• The Auschwitz concentration camp always remind the world of the holocaust.奥辛威茨集中营总是让世人想起大屠杀。
• Ahmadinejad is denying the holocaust because he's as brutal as Hitler was.内贾德否认大屠杀，因为他像希特勒一样残忍。

6 catastrophes   

n.灾祸( catastrophe的名词复数 )；灾难；不幸事件；困难

参考例句：

• Two of history's worst natural catastrophes occurred in 1970. 1970年发生了历史上最严重两次自然灾害。 来自辞典例句
• The Swiss deposits contain evidence of such catastrophes. 瑞士的遗址里还有这种灾难的证据。 来自辞典例句

7 collapse   

vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。

8 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

9 transcend   

vt.超出，超越(理性等)的范围

参考例句：

• We can't transcend the limitations of the ego.我们无法超越自我的局限性。
• Everyone knows that the speed of airplanes transcend that of ships.人人都知道飞机的速度快于轮船的速度。

10 ideological   

a.意识形态的

参考例句：

• He always tries to link his study with his ideological problems. 他总是把学习和自己的思想问题联系起来。
• He helped me enormously with advice on how to do ideological work. 他告诉我怎样做思想工作，对我有很大帮助。

11 ethnic   

adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的

参考例句：

• This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏，这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
• The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。

12 schisms   

n.教会分立，分裂( schism的名词复数 )

参考例句：

13 judicious   

adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的

参考例句：

• We should listen to the judicious opinion of that old man.我们应该听取那位老人明智的意见。
• A judicious parent encourages his children to make their own decisions.贤明的父亲鼓励儿女自作抉择。

14 amnesia   

n.健忘症，健忘

参考例句：

• People suffering from amnesia don't forget their general knowledge of objects.患健忘症的人不会忘记关于物体的一些基本知识。
• Chinese medicine experts developed a way to treat amnesia using marine materials.中国医学专家研制出用海洋物质治疗遗忘症的方法。

15 sentimental   

adj.多愁善感的，感伤的

参考例句：

• She's a sentimental woman who believes marriage comes by destiny.她是多愁善感的人，她相信姻缘命中注定。
• We were deeply touched by the sentimental movie.我们深深被那感伤的电影所感动。

16 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

17 edginess   

n.刀口锐利，急躁

参考例句：

18 detested   

v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• They detested each other on sight. 他们互相看着就不顺眼。
• The freethinker hated the formalist; the lover of liberty detested the disciplinarian. 自由思想者总是不喜欢拘泥形式者，爱好自由者总是憎恶清规戒律者。 来自辞典例句

19 bemoaned   

v.为（某人或某事）抱怨( bemoan的过去式和过去分词 )；悲悼；为…恸哭；哀叹

参考例句：

• The farmer bemoaned his loss. 农夫抱怨他所受到的损失。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He only bemoaned his fate. 他忍受了。 来自汉英文学 - 家（1-26） - 家（1-26）

20 elite   

n.精英阶层；实力集团；adj.杰出的，卓越的

参考例句：

• The power elite inside the government is controlling foreign policy.政府内部的一群握有实权的精英控制着对外政策。
• We have a political elite in this country.我们国家有一群政治精英。

21 administrators   

n.管理者( administrator的名词复数 )；有管理（或行政）才能的人；（由遗嘱检验法庭指定的）遗产管理人；奉派暂管主教教区的牧师

参考例句：

• He had administrators under him but took the crucial decisions himself. 他手下有管理人员，但重要的决策仍由他自己来做。 来自辞典例句
• Administrators have their own methods of social intercourse. 办行政的人有他们的社交方式。 来自汉英文学 - 围城

22 cult   

n.异教，邪教；时尚，狂热的崇拜

参考例句：

• Her books aren't bestsellers,but they have a certain cult following.她的书算不上畅销书，但有一定的崇拜者。
• The cult of sun worship is probably the most primitive one.太阳崇拜仪式或许是最为原始的一种。

23 fascination   

n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋

参考例句：

• He had a deep fascination with all forms of transport.他对所有的运输工具都很着迷。
• His letters have been a source of fascination to a wide audience.广大观众一直迷恋于他的来信。

24 definitive   

adj.确切的，权威性的；最后的，决定性的

参考例句：

• This book is the definitive guide to world cuisine.这本书是世界美食的权威指南。
• No one has come up with a definitive answer as to why this should be so.至于为什么该这样，还没有人给出明确的答复。

25 wilful   

adj.任性的，故意的

参考例句：

• A wilful fault has no excuse and deserves no pardon.不能宽恕故意犯下的错误。
• He later accused reporters of wilful distortion and bias.他后来指责记者有意歪曲事实并带有偏见。

26 evisceration   

n.除脏（术）

参考例句：

• Under the impression of absolute glaucoma, evisceration was performed. 其后六年眼痛之症状获得舒缓未再出现。 来自互联网
• The adoption of their amendments would have amounted to an evisceration of the act. 采纳他们的修正案将会减弱那项法案的意义。 来自互联网

27 journalism   

n.新闻工作，报业

参考例句：

• He's a teacher but he does some journalism on the side.他是教师，可还兼职做一些新闻工作。
• He had an aptitude for journalism.他有从事新闻工作的才能。

28 savage   

adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人

参考例句：

• The poor man received a savage beating from the thugs.那可怜的人遭到暴徒的痛打。
• He has a savage temper.他脾气粗暴。

29 skewered   

v.（用串肉扦或类似物）串起，刺穿( skewer的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He skewered his victim through the neck. 他用扦子刺穿了受害人的脖子。 来自辞典例句
• He skewered his foot on a nail. 他的脚踩在钉子上了。 来自互联网

30 philosophical   

adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的

参考例句：

• The teacher couldn't answer the philosophical problem.老师不能解答这个哲学问题。
• She is very philosophical about her bad luck.她对自己的不幸看得很开。

31 distinguished   

adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的

参考例句：

• Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。
• A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。

32 trenchant   

adj.尖刻的，清晰的

参考例句：

• His speech was a powerful and trenchant attack against apartheid.他的演说是对种族隔离政策强有力的尖锐的抨击。
• His comment was trenchant and perceptive.他的评论既一针见血又鞭辟入里。

33 credentials   

n.证明，资格，证明书，证件

参考例句：

• He has long credentials of diplomatic service.他的外交工作资历很深。
• Both candidates for the job have excellent credentials.此项工作的两个求职者都非常符合资格。

34 legitimate   

adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法

参考例句：

• Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
• That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。

35 ardent   

adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的

参考例句：

• He's an ardent supporter of the local football team.他是本地足球队的热情支持者。
• Ardent expectations were held by his parents for his college career.他父母对他的大学学习抱着殷切的期望。

36 publicity   

n.众所周知，闻名；宣传，广告

参考例句：

• The singer star's marriage got a lot of publicity.这位歌星的婚事引起了公众的关注。
• He dismissed the event as just a publicity gimmick.他不理会这件事，只当它是一种宣传手法。

37 habitually   

ad.习惯地，通常地

参考例句：

• The pain of the disease caused him habitually to furrow his brow. 病痛使他习惯性地紧皱眉头。
• Habitually obedient to John, I came up to his chair. 我已经习惯于服从约翰，我来到他的椅子跟前。

38 squelched   

v.发吧唧声，发扑哧声( squelch的过去式和过去分词 )；制止；压制；遏制

参考例句：

• We squelched over the soggy ground. 我们咕唧咕唧地走过泥泞的土地。
• The mud squelched as I walked through it. 我扑哧扑哧地穿过泥泞。

39 adversaries   

n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• That would cause potential adversaries to recoil from a challenge. 这会迫使潜在的敌人在挑战面前退缩。 来自辞典例句
• Every adversaries are more comfortable with a predictable, coherent America. 就连敌人也会因有可以预料的，始终一致的美国而感到舒服得多。 来自辞典例句

40 faculty   

n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员

参考例句：

• He has a great faculty for learning foreign languages.他有学习外语的天赋。
• He has the faculty of saying the right thing at the right time.他有在恰当的时候说恰当的话的才智。

41 complacent   

adj.自满的；自鸣得意的

参考例句：

• We must not become complacent the moment we have some success.我们决不能一见成绩就自满起来。
• She was complacent about her achievements.她对自己的成绩沾沾自喜。

42 ordeal   

n.苦难经历，（尤指对品格、耐力的）严峻考验

参考例句：

• She managed to keep her sanity throughout the ordeal.在那场磨难中她始终保持神志正常。
• Being lost in the wilderness for a week was an ordeal for me.在荒野里迷路一星期对我来说真是一场磨难。

43 variant   

adj.不同的，变异的；n.变体，异体

参考例句：

• We give professional suggestions according to variant tanning stages for each customer.我们针对每位顾客不同的日晒阶段，提供强度适合的晒黑建议。
• In a variant of this approach,the tests are data- driven.这个方法的一个变种，是数据驱动的测试。

44 succumbs   

不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的第三人称单数 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死

参考例句：

• Eventually the virus prevails and the infected person succumbs to the infection. 最终病毒体会战胜药物，而导致感染者死亡。
• A German lender succumbs to perverse incentives. Who's next? 一德国贷方受制屈服于非正当（投资）动机。谁将步其后尘？

45 paralysis   

n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症)

参考例句：

• The paralysis affects his right leg and he can only walk with difficulty.他右腿瘫痪步履维艰。
• The paralysis affects his right leg and he can only walk with difficulty.他右腿瘫痪步履维艰。

46 imprisoned   

下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He was imprisoned for two concurrent terms of 30 months and 18 months. 他被判处30个月和18个月的监禁，合并执行。
• They were imprisoned for possession of drugs. 他们因拥有毒品而被监禁。

47 poignant   

adj.令人痛苦的，辛酸的，惨痛的

参考例句：

• His lyrics are as acerbic and poignant as they ever have been.他的歌词一如既往的犀利辛辣。
• It is especially poignant that he died on the day before his wedding.他在婚礼前一天去世了，这尤其令人悲恸。

48 vocal   

adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目

参考例句：

• The tongue is a vocal organ.舌头是一个发音器官。
• Public opinion at last became vocal.终于舆论哗然。

49 consonants   

n.辅音，子音( consonant的名词复数 )；辅音字母

参考例句：

• Consonants are frequently assimilated to neighboring consonants. 辅音往往被其邻近的辅音同化。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Vowels possess greater sonority than consonants. 元音比辅音响亮。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》