经济学人108:前苏联的末途 The end of the Soviet Union: Walking dead

 　　Books and Arts; Book Review;The end of the Soviet¹ Union; Walking dead;

　　文艺；书评；前苏联的末途；行尸走肉；

　　The Last Man in Russia: The Struggle to Save a Dying Nation.By Oliver Bullough.

　　《俄罗斯最后一人：拯救行将灭亡之国》，奥利佛·布洛。

　　Stagnation², writes Oliver Bullough in his haunting account of the late Soviet Union, is not sexy. Biographies of Stalin and Mikhail Gorbachev abound³, but nobody has written seriously about Leonid Brezhnev, on whose watch the Soviet Union sank into drunken decay. The author of a definitive⁴ book about the tortured history of the north Caucasus (“Let our Fame be Great”), Mr Bullough has a good sense of how the traumas⁵ of Russia's past affect its present. His new book is a mixture of travelogue⁶ and biography, as he traces the life of Father Dmitry Dudko, an Orthodox priest who exemplified both resistance to Soviet rule and defeat at its hands.

　　奥利弗·布洛写过一本描述前苏联晚年的著作，阅读之后令人过目难忘，不过其中“停滞部分”却让人不愿直视。关于斯大林和戈尔巴乔夫的传记汗牛充栋，勃列日涅夫却鲜有人问津，即便他眼睁睁地看着前苏联陷入混沌恍惚的泥潭。关于叙述北高加索伤痕累累历史的著作，布洛的《让我们名声大噪》无疑是最好的一本，也就是说，对于俄罗斯过去的创伤如何影响当今时代——布洛的嗅觉像狗一样灵敏。布洛的这本新书集游记和传记于一体，主线以东正教传教士德米特里·杜德科神父的一生为轴。德米特里·杜德科神父代表了一类人，首先反对苏联制度，之后却臣服于它。

　　The Orthodox hierarchy⁷ in the post-war Soviet Union was tainted⁸ by collaboration⁹ with the KGB. For those repelled¹⁰ by the sterility¹¹ and corruption¹² of the official ideology¹³, religion was part of the axis¹⁴ of resistance. So the authorities kept the lid on, and religious practice beyond the liturgy¹⁵ was risky¹⁶.

　　由于同克格勃合作，二战后的前苏联东正教教义算是蒙上了一层不堪的色彩。所有厌恶政府思想体系下不作为和腐败的角色中，宗教处在抗争的洪流中心。所以，政府当局一直在雪藏宗教，而宗教习俗也不再局限于礼拜仪式，开始走向危险的边缘。

　　Father Dmitry, whose post-war theological studies had been interrupted by eight years in the gulag, was a striking exception. He preached passionately¹⁷ and lucidly¹⁸. He fostered discussion and roused his flock against the degradation¹⁹, despair, abortions²⁰, alcoholism and promiscuity²¹ of Soviet life. He resolutely²² opposed anti-Semitism. Jews were “sacred friends”, he said. In the early 1970s his sermons became a sensation, published in the West and in samizdat in the Soviet Union. The Communist authorities objected. He defied them. They exiled him to a distant village. His flock followed him there. The authorities moved him again. And on it went.

　　德米特里·杜德科神父战后研究宗教学，期间由于羁押在古拉格（关押叛国罪罪犯的苦役监狱）而中断八年。他可以说是人尽皆知的异数。德米特里·杜德科神父传教富有激情、条理清晰，并且鼓励集思广益，号召教徒反对国家的倒退，抗击前苏联令人绝望生活中的病症，比如堕胎、酗酒和滥交。毋庸置疑，他是坚决反对反犹太主义的。用他的话说，犹太人是“神圣的朋友”。上世纪70年代，他所著的长篇训诫引起不小的轰动，西方国家和前苏联地下都有出版，当然共产党当局是明令禁止的。德米特里·杜德科神父同他们抗争，政府将他流放到了边远农村。教徒们继而一路追随。政府又转移他的流放地，教徒继续跟随。最后就是“政府藏，教徒追”。

　　He began to see the Soviet system as the source of his country's ills. In 1977 he told the New York Times of the “diabolic storm” that had broken on his country. “Our nation has become corrupted²³, the family has fallen apart, the nation has got drunk, traitors²⁴ have betrayed each other.” That was true. But by the late 1970s detente was ending. Fame in the West was no protection. Even a lone²⁵ independent-minded priest was an existential—and intolerable—threat for the brittle²⁶ Soviet leadership. The fledgling dissident movement was systematically²⁷ crushed—by imprisonment²⁸, exile, coercive psychiatry²⁹ or ferocious³⁰ pressure on family members.

　　德米特里·杜德科神父开始认识到前苏联大的系统正是国家症结所在。1977年，他向“纽约时报”讲道，说“罪恶的风暴”搅得这个国家天翻地覆。“我们的国家腐败透顶，家庭支离破碎，我们的国家此时就像一个醉汉，卖国贼之间互相叛变。”他没说错。不过，70年代后期国际紧张关系不再处在缓和状态，西方国家不再顾及名声。在脆弱不堪的前苏联领导层面看来，甚至一个单独具有独立思想的神父也成了实实在在并且不能再坐视不管的威胁。异见运动还没孵化就遭到有计划的打击——监禁、流放、强加精神病罪名亦或异见者家人承受着不堪重负的压力。

　　In January 1980 Father Dmitry was arrested. His friends prayed; the West protested. But he emerged six months later, a changed man: a zealous³¹, repentant³² patriot³³ who, in a sensational³⁴ television broadcast, admitted to working with foreign powers against the Soviet state. Worse, he denounced his friends and helpers.

　　1980年1月，德米特里·杜德科神父遭逮捕。他的朋友开始祈祷，西方国家表示抗议。不过在六个月之后，德米特里·杜德科神父不再是之前德米特里·杜德科神父：“洗心革面”之后的他成了一位热忱的爱国志士。他在电视广播中的表态令人震惊：承认与外国势力里勾外连，以反对前苏联政府。更不堪的是，他还揭发了自己的朋友和战友。

　　It was a huge propaganda coup³⁵ for the regime. He showed no signs of torture, drugs or exhaustion³⁶. One of his followers³⁷ wrote an open letter accusing the KGB of the “murder of my spiritual father”.

　　对于政权而言，大篇幅的宣传获得了意想不到的成功。在他身上，人们看不出一丝拷打或者下了迷魂药的迹象，而他也不显一丝疲态。德米特里·杜德科神父的一位追随者发表了一封公开信，谴责克格勃“谋杀了自己的灵魂长者”。

　　Mr Bullough explains the mystifying conversion³⁸. The KGB played on his fears of renewed imprisonment and separation from his family. A skilful³⁹ interrogator⁴⁰, Vladimir Sorokin found and enlarged the “chink” in his victim's soul: patriotism⁴¹. Surely no true, law-abiding Russian could side with the enemies of his country?

　　布洛在书中解释了这一令人匪夷所思的转变。克格勃利用了德米特里·杜德科神父恐惧二进宫的心理以及害怕同家人再度分开的心情。弗拉基米尔·索罗金深谙审讯之道，他在手中这位受害者的灵魂之中察觉到了一个致命的软肋，并且将其放大：爱国主义。但是，真就没有一个真正并且守法的俄国人会站在国家敌人这一边了吗？

　　Later Father Dmitry was filled with remorse⁴². But it was too late. Dogged by loneliness and guilt⁴³, and unable to resurrect his crusade for trust, hope and faith, he descended⁴⁴ into the fetid swamps of Russian nationalism, wallowing in the paranoid anti-Semitism he had once eschewed⁴⁵. The brave, happy and confident man of the 1960s and 1970s became a miserable⁴⁶ racist⁴⁷, a campaigner for hatred⁴⁸ and nihilism.

　　之后，虽然德米特里·杜德科神父心理满是悔恨，但是为时已晚。孤独和罪恶感陪着他走完余生，其间他一直苦于不能重塑自己当年“为信任、希望和信念而战斗的形象”。他深陷散发着“俄罗斯式爱国主义”恶臭的泥潭之中，沉浸在多疑好猜忌的反犹太主义之中，即使这是他曾经一度反对的。60年代勇敢、自信、快乐的德米特里·杜德科神父死了，70年代的德米特里·杜德科神父变成一个卑鄙无耻的种族主义分子，一个满脑子仇恨、虚无缥缈的沿街叫骂的人。

　　Mr Bullough largely succeeds in using this sad tale as a metaphor⁴⁹ for the fate of the Soviet Union. He weaves the woes⁵⁰ of past decades into his journeys to wretched villages, along with the lies and greed in the metropolis⁵¹. Father Dmitry may be all but forgotten in modern Russia, but his old self would have plenty to say about it.

　　布洛以这则悲情故事来充当前苏联命运的影子，新书也因此获得了巨大的成功。在过去的几十年里，他游历了一些贫穷困苦村庄，他把其中所体验的悲伤编入书中，当然还有大都市的谎言和欲望。德米特里·杜德科神父或许已经消逝在现代俄罗斯人民的生活里，但是60年代的神父依然对现代俄罗斯影响深刻。

1 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

2 stagnation   

n. 停滞

参考例句：

• Poor economic policies led to a long period of stagnation and decline. 糟糕的经济政策道致了长时间的经济萧条和下滑。
• Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. 运动是绝对的，而静止是相对的。

3 abound   

vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于

参考例句：

• Oranges abound here all the year round.这里一年到头都有很多橙子。
• But problems abound in the management of State-owned companies.但是在国有企业的管理中仍然存在不少问题。

4 definitive   

adj.确切的，权威性的；最后的，决定性的

参考例句：

• This book is the definitive guide to world cuisine.这本书是世界美食的权威指南。
• No one has come up with a definitive answer as to why this should be so.至于为什么该这样，还没有人给出明确的答复。

5 traumas   

n.心灵创伤( trauma的名词复数 )；损伤；痛苦经历；挫折

参考例句：

• She felt exhausted after the traumas of recent weeks. 她经受了最近几个星期的痛苦之后感到精疲力竭。
• Conclusion: Safety lens of spectacles can protect the occurrence of ocular traumas. 结论：安全镜片可以预防眼镜碎片所致的眼外伤。 来自互联网

6 travelogue   

n.游记；旅行见闻

参考例句：

• Marco Polo's travelogue mentions that Kublai Khan sent envoys to Malgache.马可·波罗游记中提到忽必烈曾派使节到马尔加什。
• The book adds up to a readable,sociopolitical travelogue of America.总的看，这是一部尚可一读的描述美国社会和政治的游记。

7 hierarchy   

n.等级制度；统治集团，领导层

参考例句：

• There is a rigid hierarchy of power in that country.那个国家有一套严密的权力等级制度。
• She's high up in the management hierarchy.她在管理阶层中地位很高。

8 tainted   

adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏

参考例句：

• The administration was tainted with scandal. 丑闻使得政府声名狼藉。
• He was considered tainted by association with the corrupt regime. 他因与腐败政府有牵连而名誉受损。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 collaboration   

n.合作，协作；勾结

参考例句：

• The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。
• He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。

10 repelled   

v.击退( repel的过去式和过去分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开

参考例句：

• They repelled the enemy. 他们击退了敌军。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The minister tremulously, but decidedly, repelled the old man's arm. 而丁梅斯代尔牧师却哆里哆嗦地断然推开了那老人的胳臂。 来自英汉文学 - 红字

11 sterility   

n.不生育，不结果，贫瘠，消毒，无菌

参考例句：

• A major barrier to interspecific hybridization is sterility in the F1 progeny.种间杂交的主要障碍是F1代的不育性。
• Sterility is some permanent factor preventing procreation.不育是阻碍生殖的一种永久性因素。

12 corruption   

n.腐败，堕落，贪污

参考例句：

• The people asked the government to hit out against corruption and theft.人民要求政府严惩贪污盗窃。
• The old man reviled against corruption.那老人痛斥了贪污舞弊。

13 ideology   

n.意识形态，(政治或社会的)思想意识

参考例句：

• The ideology has great influence in the world.这种思想体系在世界上有很大的影响。
• The ideal is to strike a medium between ideology and inspiration.我的理想是在意识思想和灵感鼓动之间找到一个折衷。

14 axis   

n.轴，轴线，中心线；坐标轴，基准线

参考例句：

• The earth's axis is the line between the North and South Poles.地轴是南北极之间的线。
• The axis of a circle is its diameter.圆的轴线是其直径。

15 liturgy   

n.礼拜仪式

参考例句：

• A clergyman read the liturgy from the prayer-book.一名牧师照着祈祷书念祷文。
• The mass is the church a kind of liturgy.弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。

16 risky   

adj.有风险的，冒险的

参考例句：

• It may be risky but we will chance it anyhow.这可能有危险，但我们无论如何要冒一冒险。
• He is well aware how risky this investment is.他心里对这项投资的风险十分清楚。

17 passionately   

ad.热烈地，激烈地

参考例句：

• She could hate as passionately as she could love. 她能恨得咬牙切齿，也能爱得一往情深。
• He was passionately addicted to pop music. 他酷爱流行音乐。

18 lucidly   

adv.清透地，透明地

参考例句：

• This is a lucidly written book. 这是本通俗易懂的书。
• Men of great learning are frequently unable to state lucidly what they know. 大学问家往往不能清楚地表达他们所掌握的知识。

19 degradation   

n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变

参考例句：

• There are serious problems of land degradation in some arid zones.在一些干旱地带存在严重的土地退化问题。
• Gambling is always coupled with degradation.赌博总是与堕落相联系。

20 abortions   

n.小产( abortion的名词复数 )；小产胎儿；（计划）等中止或夭折；败育

参考例句：

• The Venerable Master: By not having abortions, by not killing living beings. 上人：不堕胎、不杀生。 来自互联网
• Conclusion Chromosome abnormality is one of the causes of spontaneous abortions. 结论：染色体异常是导致反复自然流产的原因之一。 来自互联网

21 promiscuity   

n.混杂，混乱；（男女的）乱交

参考例句：

• Promiscuity went unpunished, divorce was permitted. 乱交挨不着惩罚，离婚办得成手续。 来自英汉文学
• There is also no doubt that she falls into promiscuity at last. 同时无疑她最后也堕入性乱。 来自互联网

22 resolutely   

adj.坚决地，果断地

参考例句：

• He resolutely adhered to what he had said at the meeting. 他坚持他在会上所说的话。
• He grumbles at his lot instead of resolutely facing his difficulties. 他不是果敢地去面对困难，而是抱怨自己运气不佳。

23 corrupted   

（使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏

参考例句：

• The body corrupted quite quickly. 尸体很快腐烂了。
• The text was corrupted by careless copyists. 原文因抄写员粗心而有讹误。

24 traitors   

卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人

参考例句：

• Traitors are held in infamy. 叛徒为人所不齿。
• Traitors have always been treated with contempt. 叛徒永被人们唾弃。

25 lone   

adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的

参考例句：

• A lone sea gull flew across the sky.一只孤独的海鸥在空中飞过。
• She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach.她在空旷的海滩上能看到一个孤独的身影。

26 brittle   

adj.易碎的；脆弱的；冷淡的；(声音)尖利的

参考例句：

• The pond was covered in a brittle layer of ice.池塘覆盖了一层易碎的冰。
• She gave a brittle laugh.她冷淡地笑了笑。

27 systematically   

adv.有系统地

参考例句：

• This government has systematically run down public services since it took office.这一屆政府自上台以来系统地削减了公共服务。
• The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.雨林正被系统地毀灭。

28 imprisonment   

n.关押，监禁，坐牢

参考例句：

• His sentence was commuted from death to life imprisonment.他的判决由死刑减为无期徒刑。
• He was sentenced to one year's imprisonment for committing bigamy.他因为犯重婚罪被判入狱一年。

29 psychiatry   

n.精神病学，精神病疗法

参考例句：

• The study appeared in the Amercian science Journal of Psychiatry.这个研究发表在美国精神病学的杂志上。
• A physician is someone who specializes in psychiatry.精神病专家是专门从事精神病治疗的人。

30 ferocious   

adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的

参考例句：

• The ferocious winds seemed about to tear the ship to pieces.狂风仿佛要把船撕成碎片似的。
• The ferocious panther is chasing a rabbit.那只凶猛的豹子正追赶一只兔子。

31 zealous   

adj.狂热的，热心的

参考例句：

• She made zealous efforts to clean up the classroom.她非常热心地努力清扫教室。
• She is a zealous supporter of our cause.她是我们事业的热心支持者。

32 repentant   

adj.对…感到悔恨的

参考例句：

• He was repentant when he saw what he'd done.他看到自己的作为，心里悔恨。
• I'll be meek under their coldness and repentant of my evil ways.我愿意乖乖地忍受她们的奚落，忏悔我过去的恶行。

33 patriot   

n.爱国者，爱国主义者

参考例句：

• He avowed himself a patriot.他自称自己是爱国者。
• He is a patriot who has won the admiration of the French already.他是一个已经赢得法国人敬仰的爱国者。

34 sensational   

adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的

参考例句：

• Papers of this kind are full of sensational news reports.这类报纸满是耸人听闻的新闻报道。
• Their performance was sensational.他们的演出妙极了。

35 coup   

n.政变；突然而成功的行动

参考例句：

• The monarch was ousted by a military coup.那君主被军事政变者废黜了。
• That government was overthrown in a military coup three years ago.那个政府在3年前的军事政变中被推翻。

36 exhaustion   

n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述

参考例句：

• She slept the sleep of exhaustion.她因疲劳而酣睡。
• His exhaustion was obvious when he fell asleep standing.他站着睡着了，显然是太累了。

37 followers   

追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件

参考例句：

• the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
• The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。

38 conversion   

n.转化，转换，转变

参考例句：

• He underwent quite a conversion.他彻底变了。
• Waste conversion is a part of the production process.废物处理是生产过程的一个组成部分。

39 skilful   

(=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的

参考例句：

• The more you practise,the more skilful you'll become.练习的次数越多，熟练的程度越高。
• He's not very skilful with his chopsticks.他用筷子不大熟练。

40 interrogator   

n.讯问者；审问者；质问者；询问器

参考例句：

• No,I was not mad, but my interrogator was furious. 不，我没疯，只是质问我的人怒不可遏。 来自互联网
• Miss Fan lacked such an interrogator with whom she could whisper intimately. 范小姐就缺少这样一个切切私语的盘问者。 来自互联网

41 patriotism   

n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义

参考例句：

• His new book is a demonstration of his patriotism.他写的新书是他的爱国精神的证明。
• They obtained money under the false pretenses of patriotism.他们以虚伪的爱国主义为借口获得金钱。

42 remorse   

n.痛恨，悔恨，自责

参考例句：

• She had no remorse about what she had said.她对所说的话不后悔。
• He has shown no remorse for his actions.他对自己的行为没有任何悔恨之意。

43 guilt   

n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责

参考例句：

• She tried to cover up her guilt by lying.她企图用谎言掩饰自己的罪行。
• Don't lay a guilt trip on your child about schoolwork.别因为功课责备孩子而使他觉得很内疚。

44 descended   

a.为...后裔的，出身于...的

参考例句：

• A mood of melancholy descended on us. 一种悲伤的情绪袭上我们的心头。
• The path descended the hill in a series of zigzags. 小路呈连续的之字形顺着山坡蜿蜒而下。

45 eschewed   

v.（尤指为道德或实际理由而）习惯性避开，回避( eschew的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• I eschewed upbraiding, I curtailed remonstrance. 我避免责备，少作规劝。 来自辞典例句
• Moreover, she has a business plan, an accessory eschewed by cavalier counterparts. 此外，她还有商业计划，这是彬彬有礼的男设计师们回避的一点。 来自互联网

46 miserable   

adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的

参考例句：

• It was miserable of you to make fun of him.你取笑他，这是可耻的。
• Her past life was miserable.她过去的生活很苦。

47 racist   

n.种族主义者，种族主义分子

参考例句：

• a series of racist attacks 一连串的种族袭击行为
• His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism. 他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。

48 hatred   

n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨

参考例句：

• He looked at me with hatred in his eyes.他以憎恨的眼光望着我。
• The old man was seized with burning hatred for the fascists.老人对法西斯主义者充满了仇恨。

49 metaphor   

n.隐喻，暗喻

参考例句：

• Using metaphor,we say that computers have senses and a memory.打个比方，我们可以说计算机有感觉和记忆力。
• In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征。

50 woes   

困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉

参考例句：

• Thanks for listening to my woes. 谢谢您听我诉说不幸的遭遇。
• She has cried the blues about its financial woes. 对于经济的困难她叫苦不迭。

51 metropolis   

n.首府；大城市

参考例句：

• Shanghai is a metropolis in China.上海是中国的大都市。
• He was dazzled by the gaiety and splendour of the metropolis.大都市的花花世界使他感到眼花缭乱。