经济学人170:法里什詹金斯

　　Farish Jenkins
法里什·詹金斯
Farish Jenkins, paleontologist and polymath, died on November 11th aged¹ 72
法里什·詹金斯，古生物学家、博学者，卒于11月11日，享年72岁
INDIANA JONES is the ultimate action -hero academic: played by Harrison Ford², the indomitable professor outwits Nazis³ and other villains⁴ in search of religious relics⁵, lost temples and alien artefacts. Farish Jenkins preferred a rifle to a bullwhip, and it was palaeontology, not archaeology⁶, that he made glamorous⁷. But he did have a stylish⁸ hat, a military background and adventures in wild places. His adoring students dubbed⁹ him the real life version of the cinematic creation.
由哈里森·福特出演的印第安纳·琼斯是动作片中最出色的学者主人公：这位不屈不挠的教授在寻找宗教遗物、失落的寺庙和天外文物的过程中以智慧战胜了纳粹和其他坏人。比起牛鞭，法里什·詹金斯更喜欢步枪，而且他是一位出色的古生物学家，而非考古学家。不过他的确拥有一顶时髦的帽子，也是军人背景出身，也有过在野外冒险的经历。崇拜他的学生称他为电影人物的真人版。
A Marine¹⁰ Corps¹¹ captain, he trained as an artillery¹² officer, “cascading expensive, high explosive ordnance¹³ onto stockpiles of junk cars”. Unlike most modern academics, he defied categorisation into narrow specialism. A “hybrid” as he put it, he was anatomist, zoologist¹⁴ and vertebrate palaeontologist in equal measure.
他是一名海军陆战队的队长，但却接受过和炮兵军官一样的训练，“将大量昂贵的高爆炸性军械放置到垃圾车的储备军火中”。和大多数现代的学术研究者不同，他反对那种把学科分为狭窄类别的做法。他在解剖学、动物学、脊椎动物古生物学上的造诣都同样高深。用詹金斯自己的话来说，他是一名“杂学家”。
Arriving at Yale to study geology in 1964, he was told that all major aspects of vertebrate evolution were already understood. He feared that he and his friends would be left “to build our careers with carefully stacked minutiae”. In fact, “titanic” discoveries awaited. But to crack the secrets of the fossil world, he had to master not only the rocks but the organisms they hid. He was the first Yale Graduate School student to cross over to the Medical School, to study anatomy¹⁵ and embryology.
1964年，詹金斯进入耶鲁大学学习地质学，有人告诉他，所有有关脊椎动物进化的主要方面都已被研究透了。他曾担心他和他的朋友只能“通过那些小心翼翼堆积起来的细枝末节来构筑他们的事业”。事实上，“重大的”发现还在前方等着他们。但想要挖出化石世界的秘密，他不仅要精通岩石方面的知识，还要了解藏在这些岩石中的生物的习性。他是耶鲁大学研究生院第一个跨学科去医学院学习解剖学和胚胎学的学生。
Later, he illustrated¹⁷ his lectures with fine anatomical drawings, painstakingly¹⁸ rendered with what he proudly called Harvard's best collection of sharpened chalks (he was not a PowerPoint person). When necessary, he would draw bones and muscles on his own suit. To illustrate¹⁶ the body's natural shock-absorbers, he would stomp¹⁹ round the room on a peg²⁰ leg, reading the description of Captain Ahab's gait in “Moby Dick”. Students loved that, and how he timed his lectures to the second.
后来在讲课时，他会不辞辛苦地用粉笔画出精妙的解剖图，还骄傲地把用过的粉笔头称作是“哈佛大学最佳尖头粉笔收集品”。必要的时候，他会把骨骼和肌肉画在自己的西装上。为了展示人体自带的减震器，他会用木制假腿在教室里跺着脚走来走去，一边读着《白鲸记》中描述亚哈船长步态的语句。学生们喜欢他这样做，也佩服他能准确地掌控讲课时间，毫秒不差。
He had no time for academic squabbles and protocol²¹, brushing off rebukes²² and bureaucratic²³ constraints²⁴. Charm was his first weapon, obstinacy²⁵ his second. It was not just his clothes and vocabulary that were old-fashioned. He prized thoroughness. Unusually for modern academia, he showered praise on colleagues and deprecated his own triumphs. But he was a mighty²⁶ foe²⁷ when roused. He could swear like a Marine, “without repeating myself” and helped oust²⁸ the abrasive²⁹ Larry Summers from the Harvard presidency³⁰.
他没有时间来应付学术争吵和学术礼节，对别人的指责和官僚政治的约束视而不见。魅力是他的第一大武器，固执次之，在他身上，过时的不仅仅只是衣服和词汇而已。他很珍视认真详细这一点。他时常赞扬自己的同事，却认为自己的成功不屑一提，这在当今学术界是很不寻常的。但他可不是好惹的。他会像海军一样破口大骂，“老子只说一遍”，他还帮忙将粗鲁的拉里·萨默斯④从哈佛大学校长的职位上赶了下去。
The first field trip was to Africa, where his “very close and extremely naive³¹ encounters” with the local fauna³² included a self-portrait with a black rhino³³ (plentiful as “rats in a dump” in those days). The beast took offence and charged; Mr Jenkins made it back to his car minus a lens cap. Living vertebrates, he decided³⁴, were just as interesting as their extinct relatives.
他的第一次实地考察去的是非洲，虽然经验不足，但他还是近距离地接触到了当地的动物群，还在那里画了一张与黑犀牛的自画像。当时黑犀牛因恼怒猛冲了过来，詹金斯先生逃回了汽车中，却丢了一个镜头盖。他确信，活着的脊椎动物和它们已经灭绝的亲属一样有趣。
High speed cineradiography, plus treadmills³⁵ and a wind tunnel gave him new insights into how animals move: walking, trotting³⁶, galloping³⁷, flying and brachiating (the way monkeys swing). His efforts reached, he said proudly, “circus-like” proportions. “Tree shrews ricocheted across my bookshelves and desk,” he recalled. University bosses were appalled³⁸. His students and colleagues were captivated.
高速的放射性电影照相术加上踏车和风洞使他找到了研究动物运动方式的新角度：散步、慢跑、疾驰、飞翔以及用臂膀吊荡树枝前进。他骄傲地说，他通过努力达到了“马戏团一般的”规模。“树鼩在我的书架和书桌上跳来跳去”，他回忆道。学校里的领导为此而震惊，他的学生和同事却因此而着迷。
But fieldwork was even more fun. The most arduous³⁹ expeditions were to east Greenland and arctic Canada, armed with lavatory⁴⁰ paper to wrap the fossils, and chocolate bars for the diggers. Mr Jenkins was a distinctive⁴¹ addition to the landscape: invariably well-dressed, and sporting a beloved Czechoslovak rabbit-fur hat, a pocket-watch, a flask⁴² of vodka and a gun. He rigged trip wires and automatic rifle fire to deter⁴³ polar bears from the camp at night. A cast of a huge paw print in his office was a souvenir of a particularly narrow escape.
但更有趣的要数野外工作。对詹金斯来说，最艰难的探险莫过于去东格陵兰岛和加拿大北极地区的那次。当时他身上带着用来包裹化石的卫生纸和为挖掘工作者准备的巧克力棒。他为那儿的景色添加了独特的一笔：他总是穿得十分得体，神气活现地戴着他钟爱的捷克斯洛伐克兔皮帽，还有一只怀表、一瓶伏特加和一把枪。他用绊网和自动步枪的扫射来阻止北极熊在夜间闯入营地。在他的办公室里，放着一个巨大爪印的金属铸模，用来纪念他曾艰难地从“熊”口脱险。
The trophies⁴⁴ of those trips were carefully chipped open at Harvard. One proved to be the great find of his life: Tiktaalik roseae. “Rose” was the Christian⁴⁵ name of an anonymous⁴⁶ benefactor⁴⁷ who subsidised the expeditions. Tiktaalik was a homage⁴⁸ to his Inuit hosts: their word for a large freshwater fish. In fossil-speak the discovery was “the elpistostegalian central to understanding the emergence⁴⁹ of tetrapods”. In layman's language, it was a 375m-year-old fish with legs, a rudimentary ear and a snout for catching⁵⁰ prey—a vital clue to how living beings first moved from sea to land.
这些旅途的战利品都被小心翼翼地展出在哈佛大学。其中一个是他一生中的重大发现：提塔利克鱼。其中的“rose”是捐助此次探险的一位匿名人士的教名，Tiktaalik则是为了向探险时招待过他们的主人因纽特人致敬：在因纽特人的语言中，该词的意思是“一种很大的淡水鱼”。用化石学中的话来说，此次发现的是“对理解四足动物的出现十分重要的希望螈类生物”。用外行人的话来解释，提塔利克鱼距今已有3.75亿年历史，身上长着脚和未进化完全的耳朵以及用来捕食猎物的鼻口部—它为人们研究生物最初如何从海洋进化到陆地上来提供了重要的线索。
Smart man
智慧之人
Another big find was what he called the “ugliest animal in the world”. It was a 210m-year-old armoured marine creature. Mr Jenkins spotted⁵¹ its distinguishing feature: that it opened its mouth by lifting its upper jaw⁵². He was crucial in discovering the world's earliest known frog, which unlike its salamander-like ancestors had hind⁵³ legs for jumping. He found that in 1981 in the Arizona desert. It initially⁵⁴ looked like “road kill”, his colleague Neil Shubin said: a 190m-year-old mash⁵⁵ of four different frog skeletons. The two men spent the next 14 years picking them apart and putting them back together. They named their find Prosalirus bitis, combining a Latin word meaning “leap forward” with a Navajo word for “high above it”.
詹金斯称他的另一个重大发现为“世界上最丑的动物”。这种有着坚硬外壳的海洋生物距今已有2.1亿年。詹金斯先生发现了这种生物所独有的特征：通过抬起上颌来张嘴。在发现人类已知的最早的蛙类上詹金斯也扮演了十分关键的角色，这种蛙类和它的祖先蝾螈不同，它没有用来弹跳的后肢。1989年，詹金斯在亚利桑那沙漠发现了这种生物。他的同事尼尔·舒宾说，最初他们发现这种生物时，它们看起来像是“被车压死的”：四只距今已有1.9亿年的蛙类的骨骼被压碎了搅在一起。詹金斯和舒宾两个人花了14年的时间把这些骨骼分开，又重新组合在一起。他们将这种蛙类命名为Prosalirus bitis，这一名字由拉丁文中的“向前跳”和纳瓦霍语中的“高于某物”组合而成。
After a bout⁵⁶ of cancer he dismissed a visitor's worries, saying: “as a palaeontologist, I'm familiar with extinction⁵⁷.” In his spare time he trapped the chipmunks⁵⁸ that infested⁵⁹ his barn and made prodigious⁶⁰ quantities of cider from his own apples.
在詹金斯癌症病发之后，有人忧心忡忡地来探望他。他宽慰对方说：“作为一位古生物学家，我对‘灭绝'可是熟悉得很”。他曾在空闲的时候诱捕侵入谷仓的花栗鼠，也曾用自己种的苹果酿造了数量可谓多得惊人的苹果酒。

1 aged   

adj.年老的，陈年的

参考例句：

• He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了，也老点了。
• He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老，然而记忆力还好。

2 Ford   

n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过

参考例句：

• They were guarding the bridge,so we forded the river.他们驻守在那座桥上，所以我们只能涉水过河。
• If you decide to ford a stream,be extremely careful.如果已决定要涉过小溪，必须极度小心。

3 Nazis   

n.（德国的）纳粹党员( Nazi的名词复数 )；纳粹主义

参考例句：

• The Nazis worked them over with gun butts. 纳粹分子用枪托毒打他们。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Nazis were responsible for the mass murder of Jews during World War Ⅱ. 纳粹必须为第二次世界大战中对犹太人的大屠杀负责。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 villains   

n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 )；罪犯；（小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物；淘气鬼

参考例句：

• The impression of villains was inescapable. 留下恶棍的印象是不可避免的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Some villains robbed the widow of the savings. 有几个歹徒将寡妇的积蓄劫走了。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

5 relics   

[pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸

参考例句：

• The area is a treasure house of archaeological relics. 这个地区是古文物遗迹的宝库。
• Xi'an is an ancient city full of treasures and saintly relics. 西安是一个有很多宝藏和神圣的遗物的古老城市。

6 archaeology   

n.考古学

参考例句：

• She teaches archaeology at the university.她在大学里教考古学。
• He displayed interest in archaeology.他对考古学有兴趣。

7 glamorous   

adj.富有魅力的；美丽动人的；令人向往的

参考例句：

• The south coast is less glamorous but full of clean and attractive hotels.南海岸魅力稍逊，但却有很多干净漂亮的宾馆。
• It is hard work and not a glamorous job as portrayed by the media.这是份苦差，并非像媒体描绘的那般令人向往。

8 stylish   

adj.流行的，时髦的；漂亮的，气派的

参考例句：

• He's a stylish dresser.他是个穿着很有格调的人。
• What stylish women are wearing in Paris will be worn by women all over the world.巴黎女性时装往往会引导世界时装潮流。

9 dubbed   

v.给…起绰号( dub的过去式和过去分词 )；把…称为；配音；复制

参考例句：

• Mathematics was once dubbed the handmaiden of the sciences. 数学曾一度被视为各门科学的基础。
• Is the movie dubbed or does it have subtitles? 这部电影是配音的还是打字幕的？ 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

11 corps   

n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组

参考例句：

• The medical corps were cited for bravery in combat.医疗队由于在战场上的英勇表现而受嘉奖。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

12 artillery   

n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队)

参考例句：

• This is a heavy artillery piece.这是一门重炮。
• The artillery has more firepower than the infantry.炮兵火力比步兵大。

13 ordnance   

n.大炮，军械

参考例句：

• She worked in an ordnance factory during the war.战争期间她在一家兵工厂工作。
• Shoes and clothing for the army were scarce,ordnance supplies and drugs were scarcer.军队很缺鞋和衣服，武器供应和药品就更少了。

14 zoologist   

n.动物学家

参考例句：

• Charles darwin was a famous zoologist.查尔斯达尔文是一位著名的动物学家。
• The zoologist had spent a long time living with monkeys.这位动物学家与猴子一起生活了很长时间。

15 anatomy   

n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织

参考例句：

• He found out a great deal about the anatomy of animals.在动物解剖学方面，他有过许多发现。
• The hurricane's anatomy was powerful and complex.对飓风的剖析是一项庞大而复杂的工作。

16 illustrate   

v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图

参考例句：

• The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
• This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。

17 illustrated   

adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• His lecture was illustrated with slides taken during the expedition. 他在讲演中使用了探险时拍摄到的幻灯片。
• The manufacturing Methods: Will be illustrated in the next chapter. 制作方法将在下一章说明。

18 painstakingly   

adv. 费力地 苦心地

参考例句：

• Every aspect of the original has been closely studied and painstakingly reconstructed. 原作的每一细节都经过了仔细研究，费尽苦心才得以重现。
• The cause they contrived so painstakingly also ended in failure. 他们惨淡经营的事业也以失败而告终。

19 stomp   

v.跺（脚），重踩，重踏

参考例句：

• 3.And you go to france, and you go to stomp! 你去法国，你去看跺脚舞！
• 4.How hard did she stomp? 她跺得有多狠？

20 peg   

n.木栓，木钉；vt.用木钉钉，用短桩固定

参考例句：

• Hang your overcoat on the peg in the hall.把你的大衣挂在门厅的挂衣钩上。
• He hit the peg mightily on the top with a mallet.他用木槌猛敲木栓顶。

21 protocol   

n.议定书，草约，会谈记录，外交礼节

参考例句：

• We must observe the correct protocol.我们必须遵守应有的礼仪。
• The statesmen signed a protocol.那些政治家签了议定书。

22 rebukes   

责难或指责( rebuke的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• His industry rebukes me. 他的勤劳使我感到惭傀。
• The manager's rebukes in loud voice and stern expression have made the clerks gathered in the out office start with alarm. 老板声色俱厉的责备把聚集在办公室外的职员们吓坏了。

23 bureaucratic   

adj.官僚的，繁文缛节的

参考例句：

• The sweat of labour washed away his bureaucratic airs.劳动的汗水冲掉了他身上的官气。
• In this company you have to go through complex bureaucratic procedures just to get a new pencil.在这个公司里即使是领一支新铅笔，也必须通过繁琐的手续。

24 constraints   

强制( constraint的名词复数 )； 限制； 约束

参考例句：

• Data and constraints can easily be changed to test theories. 信息库中的数据和限制条件可以轻易地改变以检验假设。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史
• What are the constraints that each of these imply for any design? 这每种产品的要求和约束对于设计意味着什么？ 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

25 obstinacy   

n.顽固；（病痛等）难治

参考例句：

• It is a very accountable obstinacy.这是一种完全可以理解的固执态度。
• Cindy's anger usually made him stand firm to the point of obstinacy.辛迪一发怒，常常使他坚持自见，并达到执拗的地步。

26 mighty   

adj.强有力的；巨大的

参考例句：

• A mighty force was about to break loose.一股巨大的力量即将迸发而出。
• The mighty iceberg came into view.巨大的冰山出现在眼前。

27 foe   

n.敌人，仇敌

参考例句：

• He knew that Karl could be an implacable foe.他明白卡尔可能会成为他的死敌。
• A friend is a friend;a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.敌是敌，友是友，必须分清界限。

28 oust   

vt.剥夺，取代，驱逐

参考例句：

• The committee wanted to oust him from the union.委员会想把他从工会中驱逐出去。
• The leaders have been ousted from power by nationalists.这些领导人被民族主义者赶下了台。

29 abrasive   

adj.使表面磨损的；粗糙的；恼人的

参考例句：

• His abrasive manner has won him an unenviable notoriety.他生硬粗暴的态度让他声名狼藉。
• She had abrasions to her wrists where the abrasive rope had scraped her.她的手腕有多出磨伤，那是被粗糙的绳子擦伤的。

30 presidency   

n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期)

参考例句：

• Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the United States.罗斯福连续当选四届美国总统。
• Two candidates are emerging as contestants for the presidency.两位候选人最终成为总统职位竞争者。

31 naive   

adj.幼稚的，轻信的；天真的

参考例句：

• It's naive of you to believe he'll do what he says.相信他会言行一致，你未免太单纯了。
• Don't be naive.The matter is not so simple.你别傻乎乎的。事情没有那么简单。

32 fauna   

n.(一个地区或时代的)所有动物，动物区系

参考例句：

• This National Park is an area with unique fauna and flora.该国家公园区域内具有独特的动物种群和植物种群。
• Fauna is a biological notion means all the animal life in a particular region or period. 动物群是一个生物学的概念，指的是一个特定时期或者地区的所有动物。

33 rhino   

n.犀牛，钱, 现金

参考例句：

• The rhino charged headlong towards us.犀牛急速地向我们冲来。
• They have driven the rhino to the edge of extinction.他们已经令犀牛濒临灭绝。

34 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

35 treadmills   

n.枯燥无味的工作[生活方式]( treadmill的名词复数 )；（尤指旧时由人或牲畜踩动踏板使之转动的）踏车；（锻炼身体的）跑步机，走步机

参考例句：

• But soon, you may think microwave ovens and treadmills too. 但是不久的将来，您可能还会想到微波炉或健身踏车什么的。 来自互联网
• The Gym has several treadmills an X-trainer machine, bicycles, weights and mats for floor work. 体育馆里配备了：跑步机、教练机、自行车、哑铃和专为做地板运动准备的垫子。 来自互联网

36 trotting   

小跑，急走( trot的现在分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走

参考例句：

• The riders came trotting down the lane. 这骑手骑着马在小路上慢跑。
• Alan took the reins and the small horse started trotting. 艾伦抓住缰绳，小马开始慢跑起来。

37 galloping   

adj. 飞驰的, 急性的 动词gallop的现在分词形式

参考例句：

• The horse started galloping the moment I gave it a good dig. 我猛戳了马一下，它就奔驰起来了。
• Japan is galloping ahead in the race to develop new technology. 日本在发展新技术的竞争中进展迅速，日新月异。

38 appalled   

v.使惊骇，使充满恐惧( appall的过去式和过去分词)adj.惊骇的；丧胆的

参考例句：

• The brutality of the crime has appalled the public. 罪行之残暴使公众大为震惊。
• They were appalled by the reports of the nuclear war. 他们被核战争的报道吓坏了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

39 arduous   

adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的

参考例句：

• We must have patience in doing arduous work.我们做艰苦的工作要有耐性。
• The task was more arduous than he had calculated.这项任务比他所估计的要艰巨得多。

40 lavatory   

n.盥洗室，厕所

参考例句：

• Is there any lavatory in this building?这座楼里有厕所吗？
• The use of the lavatory has been suspended during take-off.在飞机起飞期间，盥洗室暂停使用。

41 distinctive   

adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的

参考例句：

• She has a very distinctive way of walking.她走路的样子与别人很不相同。
• This bird has several distinctive features.这个鸟具有几种突出的特征。

42 flask   

n.瓶，火药筒，砂箱

参考例句：

• There is some deposit in the bottom of the flask.这只烧杯的底部有些沉淀物。
• He took out a metal flask from a canvas bag.他从帆布包里拿出一个金属瓶子。

43 deter   

vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住

参考例句：

• Failure did not deter us from trying it again.失败并没有能阻挡我们再次进行试验。
• Dogs can deter unwelcome intruders.狗能够阻拦不受欢迎的闯入者。

44 trophies   

n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖

参考例句：

• His football trophies were prominently displayed in the kitchen. 他的足球奖杯陈列在厨房里显眼的位置。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The hunter kept the lion's skin and head as trophies. 这猎人保存狮子的皮和头作为纪念品。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

45 Christian   

adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒

参考例句：

• They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
• His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。

46 anonymous   

adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的

参考例句：

• Sending anonymous letters is a cowardly act.寄匿名信是懦夫的行为。
• The author wishes to remain anonymous.作者希望姓名不公开。

47 benefactor   

n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人

参考例句：

• The chieftain of that country is disguised as a benefactor this time. 那个国家的首领这一次伪装出一副施恩者的姿态。
• The first thing I did, was to recompense my original benefactor, my good old captain. 我所做的第一件事, 就是报答我那最初的恩人, 那位好心的老船长。

48 homage   

n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬

参考例句：

• We pay homage to the genius of Shakespeare.我们对莎士比亚的天才表示敬仰。
• The soldiers swore to pay their homage to the Queen.士兵们宣誓效忠于女王陛下。

49 emergence   

n.浮现，显现，出现，（植物）突出体

参考例句：

• The last decade saw the emergence of a dynamic economy.最近10年见证了经济增长的姿态。
• Language emerges and develops with the emergence and development of society.语言是随着社会的产生而产生，随着社会的发展而发展的。

50 catching   

adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住

参考例句：

• There are those who think eczema is catching.有人就是认为湿疹会传染。
• Enthusiasm is very catching.热情非常富有感染力。

51 spotted   

adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的

参考例句：

• The milkman selected the spotted cows,from among a herd of two hundred.牛奶商从一群200头牛中选出有斑点的牛。
• Sam's shop stocks short spotted socks.山姆的商店屯积了有斑点的短袜。

52 jaw   

n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训

参考例句：

• He delivered a right hook to his opponent's jaw.他给了对方下巴一记右钩拳。
• A strong square jaw is a sign of firm character.强健的方下巴是刚毅性格的标志。

53 hind   

adj.后面的，后部的

参考例句：

• The animal is able to stand up on its hind limbs.这种动物能够用后肢站立。
• Don't hind her in her studies.不要在学业上扯她后腿。

54 initially   

adv.最初，开始

参考例句：

• The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
• Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。

55 mash   

n.麦芽浆，糊状物，土豆泥；v.把…捣成糊状，挑逗，调情

参考例句：

• He beat the potato into a mash before eating it.他把马铃薯捣烂后再吃。
• Whiskey,originating in Scotland,is distilled from a mash of grains.威士忌源于苏格兰，是从一种大麦芽提纯出来的。

56 bout   

n.侵袭，发作；一次(阵，回)；拳击等比赛

参考例句：

• I was suffering with a bout of nerves.我感到一阵紧张。
• That bout of pneumonia enfeebled her.那次肺炎的发作使她虚弱了。

57 extinction   

n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种

参考例句：

• The plant is now in danger of extinction.这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
• The island's way of life is doomed to extinction.这个岛上的生活方式注定要消失。

58 chipmunks   

n.金花鼠( chipmunk的名词复数 )

参考例句：

59 infested   

adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于

参考例句：

• The kitchen was infested with ants. 厨房里到处是蚂蚁。
• The apartments were infested with rats and roaches. 公寓里面到处都是老鼠和蟑螂。

60 prodigious   

adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的

参考例句：

• This business generates cash in prodigious amounts.这种业务收益丰厚。
• He impressed all who met him with his prodigious memory.他惊人的记忆力让所有见过他的人都印象深刻。