经济学人:技术移民 六级与分裂(1)

 　　United States 美国

　　Skilled Immigration: Six degrees and separation 技术移民：六级与分裂

　　Immigrants are arriving better educated than ever before. 移民受教育水平比以往有所提高

　　Jose Rommel Umano, who is originally from the Philippines, moved to New York last autumn. Jose Rommel Umano 来自菲律宾，他去年秋天搬到了纽约。珍妮·贝塔罗娃说道，这种程度在美国是没有过的。

　　He came on a family-reunification visa and joined his wife, who had been living in America for some time. 他的签证是家庭团聚签证，他的妻子已经在美国生活了一段时间。

　　This is a typical tale: America gives more weight to close family members when considering immigration applications than some other rich countries do. 这是一个典型的故事：当考虑移民申请时，美国比其他发达国家更加重视家庭成员。

　　More surprising is that Mr Rommel Umano arrived with a master's degree from the University of Tokyo and 20 years of experience as an architect in Japan. 令人更加惊讶的是，Rommel Umano 有东京大学的硕士学位和在日本20年的建筑师从业经验。

　　Yet this, it turns out, is typical too. 然而，这也很典型。

　　Nearly half of all immigrants who arrived between 2011 and 2015 were college-educated. 将近一半在2011-2015年来到美国的移民有大学学历。

　　This is a level “unheard of” in America, says Jeanne Batalova, co-author of the paper containing the finding published by the Migration¹ Policy Institute (MPI), a think-tank. 她是智库移民政策机构(MPI)出版的相关论文的其中一个作者。

　　One of Donald Trump's many executive orders instructed the Departments of Labour, Justice and Homeland Security to examine immigration rules. 唐纳德·特朗普众多行政命令中有一条指示，要求劳动部、司法部及国土安全部来审查移民规定。

　　The president, whose hostility² to illegal migrants is well-known, has also said that he would like to change the criteria³ for choosing legal ones,  总统先生对非法移民的敌对态度是世人皆知的，他也说过他希望改变遴选合法移民的标准，

　　pointing to Canada or Australia as models for America to copy. 指明要把加拿大与澳大利亚作为美国模仿的样板。

　　In 1967 Canada became the first country to introduce a points system for immigration;  1967年，加拿大成为第一个把积分系统引入移民政策的国家；

　　Canada and Australia now both give priority to would-be migrants with degrees, work experience and fluent English (and, in Canada, French). 如今加拿大与澳大利亚都把学历、工作经验与英语流利程度（以及在加拿大的法语）作为预备移民的优选项。

　　Some of the president's advisers⁴ think this more hard-headed system is better than America's family-centred approach. 总统先生的一些顾问认为这种冷静务实的系统要优于美国以家庭为中心的方法。

　　The doomed⁵ immigration bill from 2013 that died in the House of Representatives also reflected widespread enthusiasm for a points-based system. 2013年以来的移民法案在众议院被否决，这也反映出人们对积分系统的热情正在扩散。

　　Two things ought to temper this enthusiasm. 有两件事会使这种热情平复。

　　First, Canada and Australia have concluded that pure points systems do not work well. 第一，加拿大与澳大利亚已经总结发现单纯的积分系统并不能有效运行。

　　A surprisingly high share of the people admitted this way ended up unemployed⁶. 有很大比例的获得准许的人最后会处于失业状态。

　　Both countries have since changed their immigration criteria so that applicants⁷ who have job offers in their pockets may jump the queue. 这两个国家都曾改变了各自的移民标准，这样已经拥有工作录用的申请人有优先权。

　　Second, migrants who move to America to join family members have become much better educated. 第二，搬到美国与家庭成员团聚的移民已经拥有更好的教育背景。

　　Of the more than 1m new green-card holders⁸ (or permanent residents) in 2015, the most recent year with numbers available, almost half were immediate⁹ relatives of citizens. 2015年，超过100万的新绿卡持有者（或永久居民）中近一半都是美国公民的直系亲属。

1 migration   

n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙

参考例句：

• Swallows begin their migration south in autumn.燕子在秋季开始向南方迁移。
• He described the vernal migration of birds in detail.他详细地描述了鸟的春季移居。

2 hostility   

n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争

参考例句：

• There is open hostility between the two leaders.两位领导人表现出公开的敌意。
• His hostility to your plan is well known.他对你的计划所持的敌意是众所周知的。

3 criteria   

n.标准

参考例句：

• The main criterion is value for money.主要的标准是钱要用得划算。
• There are strict criteria for inclusion in the competition.参赛的标准很严格。

4 advisers   

顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授

参考例句：

• a member of the President's favoured circle of advisers 总统宠爱的顾问班子中的一员
• She withdrew to confer with her advisers before announcing a decision. 她先去请教顾问然后再宣布决定。

5 doomed   

命定的

参考例句：

• The court doomed the accused to a long term of imprisonment. 法庭判处被告长期监禁。
• A country ruled by an iron hand is doomed to suffer. 被铁腕人物统治的国家定会遭受不幸的。

6 unemployed   

adj.失业的，没有工作的；未动用的，闲置的

参考例句：

• There are now over four million unemployed workers in this country.这个国家现有四百万失业人员。
• The unemployed hunger for jobs.失业者渴望得到工作。

7 applicants   

申请人，求职人( applicant的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• There were over 500 applicants for the job. 有500多人申请这份工作。
• He was impressed by the high calibre of applicants for the job. 求职人员出色的能力给他留下了深刻印象。

8 holders   

支持物( holder的名词复数 )； 持有者； （支票等）持有人； 支托（或握持）…之物

参考例句：

• Slaves were mercilessly ground down by slave holders. 奴隶受奴隶主的残酷压迫。
• It is recognition of compassion's part that leads the up-holders of capital punishment to accuse the abolitionists of sentimentality in being more sorry for the murderer than for his victim. 正是对怜悯的作用有了认识，才使得死刑的提倡者指控主张废除死刑的人感情用事，同情谋杀犯胜过同情受害者。

9 immediate   

adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的

参考例句：

• His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
• We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。