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2022年经济学人 美国的通货膨胀正变得更为广泛

时间:2022-05-18 02:14来源:互联网 提供网友:nan   字体: [ ]
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Finance & economics

财经板块

Consumer prices: Pervasive1 problems

消费者价格指数:普遍问题

Inflation in America is becoming more broad-based

美国的通货膨胀正变得更为广泛

Unhappy economies are often unhappy in their own ways.

不幸的经济各有各的烦恼。

Today most, however, are battling a common foe2: a surge in consumer-price inflation.

不过,眼下多数经济都面临着一个共同的敌人:消费者价格的飙升。

According to figures released on April 12th, consumer prices rose by 8.5% in March in America, compared with a year earlier—the fastest pace since 1981.

根据4月12日公布的数据,美国3月份的消费者价格同比上涨了8.5%,是自1981年以来的最快增速。

In Britain and the euro area consumer prices rose by 7% and 7.5%, respectively, in the year to March.

截至今年3月,英国和欧元区的消费者价格分别上涨了7%和7.5%。

Across most rich and emerging economies, inflation is now well above central banks’ targets.

在大多数富裕国家和新兴经济体中,通货膨胀率已经远远高于央行的目标。

In summer 2020, after a period of too-low inflation, America’s Federal Reserve said that it would tolerate inflation that was a little above its 2% target for a time, in the hope of making up for undershoots.

2020年夏天,在经历了一段过低的通胀率之后,美联储表示,它可以容忍通胀率暂时略高于2%的目标,希望能以此弥补低于2%的通胀率。

In the subsequent 20 months, consumer prices have blown past where they would have been had the Fed achieved its 2% target on average, putting pressure on the central bank to raise interest rates fast.

在接下来的20个月里,消费者价格已经超过了美联储平均实现2%的通胀目标时应该达到的水平,这给美联储带来了快速加息的压力。

In many places a big chunk3 of current headline inflation reflects rises in energy prices, which soared after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine jolted4 commodity markets.

在许多地方,当前整体通胀的很大一部分反映了能源价格的上涨,在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰冲击大宗商品市场后,能源价格飙升。

In March these explained about half of the euro area’s annual inflation rate.

3月份,这些因素占据了欧元区年通胀率上涨的一半成因。

In America, however, the pressure is broad-based.

然而,在美国,压力来自多个方面。

“Core” consumer prices, which strip out food and energy prices, rose at an annual rate of 6.5% in March.

剔除食品和能源价格之后,“核心”消费者价格在3月份以6.5%的年增长率增长。

Core inflation is one way to assess the breadth of price surges.

核心通胀率是评估价格飙升幅度的一种方法。

Another is to exclude the items for which prices have swung the most, typically owing to idiosyncratic factors.

另一种方法是排除通常由特殊原因造成的价格波动最大的项目。

The Dallas Fed, for instance, constructs a “trimmed mean” measure, which sorts the components5 of the personal-consumption expenditures6 index (the Fed’s preferred gauge7 of prices) by their inflation rates, and drops the bottom 24% and the top 31%.

例如,达拉斯联邦储备银行构建了一个“削减平均值”的衡量标准,将个人消费支出指数(美联储首选的价格衡量指标)的组成部分按通胀率排序,并将最底层的24%和最高的31%降低。

On that measure inflation has risen by 3.6%—still above the central bank’s target, but by much less.

按照这一标准,通货膨胀率上升了3.6%——仍然高于中央银行的目标,但升幅要小得多。

The problem with trimmed means, however, is that they involve abrupt8 cliffs, lopping off the top and bottom of the index while giving adjacent percentiles their full weight.

然而,经过调整的数据有个问题,它们包括一些断崖,砍掉了指数的顶部和底部,同时给邻近的百分比以全部权重。

In November The Economist9 devised an alternative index, which applies smooth weights.

11月,《经济学人》设计了一种采用平滑权重的替代指数。

Components with inflation near the median get the most emphasis, and those with the most dramatic price changes get the least.

通货膨胀率接近中位数的成分最受重视,而那些价格变化最剧烈的成分最不受重视。

Our measure suggests an inflation rate of close to 6%—hot enough to keep Jerome Powell, the Fed’s chairman, sweating at night.

我们的测量表明通胀率接近6%——这个增幅足以让美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔大晚上的直冒冷汗。


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1 pervasive T3zzH     
adj.普遍的;遍布的,(到处)弥漫的;渗透性的
参考例句:
  • It is the most pervasive compound on earth.它是地球上最普遍的化合物。
  • The adverse health effects of car exhaust are pervasive and difficult to measure.汽车尾气对人类健康所构成的有害影响是普遍的,并且难以估算。
2 foe ygczK     
n.敌人,仇敌
参考例句:
  • He knew that Karl could be an implacable foe.他明白卡尔可能会成为他的死敌。
  • A friend is a friend;a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.敌是敌,友是友,必须分清界限。
3 chunk Kqwzz     
n.厚片,大块,相当大的部分(数量)
参考例句:
  • They had to be careful of floating chunks of ice.他们必须当心大块浮冰。
  • The company owns a chunk of farmland near Gatwick Airport.该公司拥有盖特威克机场周边的大片农田。
4 jolted 80f01236aafe424846e5be1e17f52ec9     
(使)摇动, (使)震惊( jolt的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The truck jolted and rattled over the rough ground. 卡车嘎吱嘎吱地在凹凸不平的地面上颠簸而行。
  • She was jolted out of her reverie as the door opened. 门一开就把她从幻想中惊醒。
5 components 4725dcf446a342f1473a8228e42dfa48     
(机器、设备等的)构成要素,零件,成分; 成分( component的名词复数 ); [物理化学]组分; [数学]分量; (混合物的)组成部分
参考例句:
  • the components of a machine 机器部件
  • Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。
6 expenditures 2af585403f5a51eeaa8f7b29110cc2ab     
n.花费( expenditure的名词复数 );使用;(尤指金钱的)支出额;(精力、时间、材料等的)耗费
参考例句:
  • We have overspent.We'll have to let up our expenditures next month. 我们已经超支了,下个月一定得节约开支。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The pension includes an allowance of fifty pounds for traffic expenditures. 年金中包括50镑交通费补贴。 来自《简明英汉词典》
7 gauge 2gMxz     
v.精确计量;估计;n.标准度量;计量器
参考例句:
  • Can you gauge what her reaction is likely to be?你能揣测她的反应可能是什么吗?
  • It's difficult to gauge one's character.要判断一个人的品格是很困难的。
8 abrupt 2fdyh     
adj.突然的,意外的;唐突的,鲁莽的
参考例句:
  • The river takes an abrupt bend to the west.这河突然向西转弯。
  • His abrupt reply hurt our feelings.他粗鲁的回答伤了我们的感情。
9 economist AuhzVs     
n.经济学家,经济专家,节俭的人
参考例句:
  • He cast a professional economist's eyes on the problem.他以经济学行家的眼光审视这个问题。
  • He's an economist who thinks he knows all the answers.他是个经济学家,自以为什么都懂。
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TAG标签:   2022年听力  经济学人
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