科技动态:H1N1疫苗是如何起作用的?

Now from the Boston Museum of Science, Sci-tech today on NECN.

有线新闻，波士顿消息，欢迎收看今天的Sci-tech Today。

There are so much in the news about flu vaccines² these days, how exactly do they work? Joining us now from the Museum of Science Boston is Anita Loughlin from the Boston University School of Medicine, good to have you here.

最近有许多关于流感疫苗的消息，疫苗究竟是如何预防疾病的？今天来自波士顿大学医学院的Anita Loughlin将向我们做详细介绍。你好。

Thank you, nice to be here.

谢谢，很高兴参加这期节目。

Why do people need to get immunized? What is the history of immunization in this country?

为什么人类需要免疫系统？美国的免疫史是怎样的？

The prevention of vaccine¹-preventable diseases/serious diseases has been the number one accomplishment³ of vaccines in the 20th century. We've therefore controlled small pox, we've um... eradicated⁴ polio from the Americans, we controlled diseases like measles,tetanus, diphtheria, and news diseases that were controlling now are things like hemophilus influenzae, which caused a lot of meningitis, 20,000 cases each year as early as 1990. We vaccinate⁵ people for two reasons, one, to keep the individual healthy, and the second reason is, if we vaccinate more people, there is actually barriers and so that we can actually prevent the spread of disease in the community, that's called herd⁶ immunity⁷. And we do that, so that we can prevent people that are at high risk for complications.

通过疫苗来防御疾病，尤其是严重疾病是20世纪最伟大的成就。我们现在消除了小儿麻痹症，控制了天花，麻疹，破伤风，白喉等疾病，最近还控制了能引起髓膜炎的嗜血杆菌流感，自1990年以来，控制病例达20,000之多。人类打疫苗有两个原因，第一，是为了个人的身体健康，第二，是为了防止疾病传播，这叫做群体免疫。这么做，我们就能降低人类得病的机率。

What can you tell us about the H1N1 vaccine and the reasons for having two vaccines this year?

你能告诉我们H1N1流感疫苗的情况吗？为什么今年会有两只流感疫苗？

Well, the reason for having two vaccines this year is, well, every year we actually make a new seasonal⁸ flu vaccine, the strain of seasonal flu that circulates every year changes a little bit by what is called antigenic drift, and so every year there is a global surveillance, and the manufacturers have to look and see what strain is circulating, and they put those strains into the vaccine, the best match those that are circulating, so every year we make a new flu vaccine. The H1N1 strain started circulating a little bit later than we could do it to get it into the annual this flu vaccine, so they actually made a new vaccine. Now they made that vaccine in exact same way they made the seasonal flu vaccine, they use the exact same equipment, the exact same manufactures, the exact same testing procedures.

为什么今年会有两只流感疫苗呢，事实上，每年我们在研制疫苗的时候，会发现每年当季传染病的主要病毒会稍有不同，学名称作“抗原漂移”，所以每年我们都会调查当季的病毒，工厂也需要调查主要病毒，将病毒加入疫苗中，病毒每年都在循环变化，所以我们每年都在制作新的疫苗。现在，他们研制疫苗的方式正是我们当初研制疫苗的方式，他们和我们使用的是同样的设备，同样的工艺，同样的程序。

Does the HPV vaccine works the same way that the flu vaccines work?

疫苗和病毒发挥作用的原理一样吗？

They all work in a similar way in a sense that our body is producing antibodies to prevent either the attachment⁹ of the virus to ourselves or to, be able to remove that virus more quickly from our body in preventing affection.

疫苗和病毒发挥作用的原理是相同的，疫苗是通过刺激机体产生抗体来防御病毒或更快地从人体中移除病毒来预防病毒。

And is that only for females?

只需要向女性注射疫苗吗？

No, the reason why the HPV virus is actually spread, is that they were targeting in spread by sexual transmission, so you are right, if we want to, to spread , prevent to spread it in poplulation, we would give it to both males and females. The reason why women and girls are in targeted, it is because cervical cancer is the number two cause of cancer in the United States, causing about ten thousand new cases per year, and about three thousand thirty seven hundred death per year. And the prevention of cervical cancer is the reason why it's been targeted towards women. Now In the new vaccines, they also prevent other HPVs, once they cause genital warts¹⁰ and papillomas of respiratory track and papillamas in the respiratory track of young children born into women with genital warts. Those vaccines are 90% affective, are preventing these genital warts and these other things. And they also seems to be affective and preventing other genital cancers and heading that cancers that affect both men and women, so now in just recently Otocber 2009, the gardasil vaccine has been licensed¹¹ and recommended for boys and young men.

不，HPV病毒传播的途径是性传染途径，如果想防止HPV病毒传播，就要向男性和女性都注射疫苗。主要向女性宣传，是因为宫颈癌是美国第二大癌症，每年造成1万女性患病，三万三千七百女性死亡。宫颈癌病发在女性也是原因之一。一旦病毒造成孕妇生殖器疣和呼吸道乳头状瘤，新型疫苗可以预防HPV病毒感染腹中胎儿。疫苗能90%有效地防止生殖器疣等病发症，预防男性和女性感染病毒。2009年10月，疫苗经过批准使用，收到了青年男士女士的青睐。

All righty, Doctor, Anita Loughlin of the Boston University School of Medicine, thanks for joining us.

好的，感谢波士顿大学医学院的博士Anita Loughlin的精彩介绍。

small pox: 天花

polio: n. 小儿麻痹症，脊髓灰质炎

measle: n. [动]囊尾蚴

tetanus: n. 破伤风

diphtheria: n. 白喉

hemophilus: 嗜血杆菌

meningitis: n. 髓膜炎

herd immunity: 群体免疫，人群免疫

antigenic drift: 抗原性漂移

cervical cancer: 子宫颈癌

papilloma: n. 乳头肿

genital: n. 生殖器

wart：n. 疣,瘿

respiratory track: 呼吸道

1 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

2 vaccines   

疫苗，痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
• The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。

3 accomplishment   

n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能

参考例句：

• The series of paintings is quite an accomplishment.这一系列的绘画真是了不起的成就。
• Money will be crucial to the accomplishment of our objectives.要实现我们的目标，钱是至关重要的。

4 eradicated   

画着根的

参考例句：

• Polio has been virtually eradicated in Brazil. 在巴西脊髓灰质炎实际上已经根除。
• The disease has been eradicated from the world. 这种疾病已在全世界得到根除。

5 vaccinate   

vt.给…接种疫苗；种牛痘

参考例句：

• Local health officials then can plan the best times to vaccinate people.这样，当地的卫生官员就可以安排最佳时间给人们接种疫苗。
• Doctors vaccinate us so that we do not catch smallpox.医生给我们打预防针使我们不会得天花。

6 herd   

n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起

参考例句：

• She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。
• He had no opinions of his own but simply follow the herd.他从无主见，只是人云亦云。

7 immunity   

n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权

参考例句：

• The law gives public schools immunity from taxation.法律免除公立学校的纳税义务。
• He claims diplomatic immunity to avoid being arrested.他要求外交豁免以便避免被捕。

8 seasonal   

adj.季节的，季节性的

参考例句：

• The town relies on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.这个城镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。
• The hors d'oeuvre is seasonal vegetables.餐前小吃是应时蔬菜。

9 attachment   

n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附

参考例句：

• She has a great attachment to her sister.她十分依恋她的姐姐。
• She's on attachment to the Ministry of Defense.她现在隶属于国防部。

10 warts   

n.疣( wart的名词复数 )；肉赘；树瘤；缺点

参考例句：

• You agreed to marry me, warts and all! 是你同意和我结婚的，我又没掩饰缺陷。 来自辞典例句
• Talk about trying to cure warts with spunk-water such a blame fool way as that! 用那样糊涂蛋的方法还谈什么仙水治疣子！ 来自英汉文学 - 汤姆历险

11 licensed   

adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词)

参考例句：

• The new drug has not yet been licensed in the US. 这种新药尚未在美国获得许可。
• Is that gun licensed? 那支枪有持枪执照吗？