美国学生人类历史 第148期:教皇与皇帝之争(4)

 In the year 1059 this had been changed. 不过到公元1059年，情况发生了变化。

By a decree of Pope Nicholas II the principal priests and deacons of the churches in and around Rome were organised into the so-called College of Cardinals², 根据教皇尼古拉二世的命令，成立了一个由罗马附近教区的主教及执事所组成的红衣主教团。

and this gathering³ of prominent churchmen (the word "Cardinal¹" meant principal) was given the exclusive power of electing the future Popes. 这群地位显赫的教会头目被赋予了选举未来教皇的绝对权力。

In the year 1073 the College of Cardinals elected a priest by the name of Hildebrand, the son of very simple parents in Tuscany, as Pope, and he took the name of Gregory VII. 公元1073年，红衣主教团 选出了新教皇格利高里七世。此人原名希尔布兰德，出生于托斯卡纳地区的一个极普通人家。

His energy was unbounded. 他具有超乎常人的野心和旺盛的精力。

His belief in the supreme⁴ powers of his Holy Office was built upon a granite⁵ rock of conviction and courage. 格利高里深信，教皇的超然权力应该是建立在花岗石般坚固的信念和勇气之上的。

In the mind of Gregory, the Pope was not only the absolute head of the Christian⁶ church, but also the highest Court of Appeal in all worldly matters. 在他看来，教皇不仅是基督教会的绝对首脑，而且还应是所有世俗事务的最高上诉法官。

The Pope who had elevated simple German princes to the dignity of Emperor could depose⁷ them at will. 教皇既然可以将普通的日尔曼王公提升到皇帝的高位，享有他们从未梦想过的尊严，他当然也有权随意废黜他们。

He could veto any law passed by duke or king or emperor, 他可以否决任何一项由某位大公、国王或皇帝制定的法律，

but whosoever should question a papal decree, let him beware, for the punishment would be swift and merciless. 可要是有谁胆敢质间某项教皇宣布的敕令，那他可得当心了，因为随之而来的惩罚将是迅速而毫不留情的。

Gregory sent ambassadors to all the European courts to inform the potentates⁸ of Europe of his new laws and asked them to take due notice of their contents. 格利高里派遣大使到欧洲所有的宫廷，向君主们通告他颁布的新法令，并要求他们适当注意其内容。

William the Conqueror⁹ promised to be good, but Henry IV, who since the age of six had been fighting with his subjects, had no intention of submitting to the Papal will. 征服者威廉答应好好听话。但从6岁开始便常与臣属打架斗殴的亨利四世是个天生反叛的家伙，他根本不打算屈从于教皇的意志。

He called together a college of German bishops¹⁰, accused Gregory of every crime under the sun and then had him deposed¹¹ by the council of Worms. 亨利召集了一个德国教区的主教会议，指控格利高里犯下了日光之下的一切罪行，最后以沃尔姆斯宗教会议的名义废黜了教皇。

1 cardinal   

n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的

参考例句：

• This is a matter of cardinal significance.这是非常重要的事。
• The Cardinal coloured with vexation. 红衣主教感到恼火，脸涨得通红。

2 cardinals   

红衣主教( cardinal的名词复数 )； 红衣凤头鸟（见于北美，雄鸟为鲜红色）； 基数

参考例句：

• cardinals in scarlet robes 身披红袍的枢机主教
• A conclave of cardinals was held to elect the new Pope. 红衣主教团举行了秘密会议来选举新教皇。

3 gathering   

n.集会，聚会，聚集

参考例句：

• He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
• He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。

4 supreme   

adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的

参考例句：

• It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
• He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。

5 granite   

adj.花岗岩，花岗石

参考例句：

• They squared a block of granite.他们把一块花岗岩加工成四方形。
• The granite overlies the older rocks.花岗岩躺在磨损的岩石上面。

6 Christian   

adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒

参考例句：

• They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
• His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。

7 depose   

vt.免职；宣誓作证

参考例句：

• The witness is going to depose.证人即将宣誓做证。
• The emperor attempted to depose the Pope.皇帝企图废黜教皇。

8 potentates   

n.君主，统治者( potentate的名词复数 )；有权势的人

参考例句：

• Among high-fashion potentates, Arnault has taken an early lead on the Internet. 在高级时装大亨中，阿诺尔特在互联网方面同样走在了前面。 来自互联网

9 conqueror   

n.征服者，胜利者

参考例句：

• We shall never yield to a conqueror.我们永远不会向征服者低头。
• They abandoned the city to the conqueror.他们把那个城市丢弃给征服者。

10 bishops   

（基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象

参考例句：

• Each player has two bishops at the start of the game. 棋赛开始时，每名棋手有两只象。
• "Only sheriffs and bishops and rich people and kings, and such like. “他劫富济贫，抢的都是郡长、主教、国王之类的富人。

11 deposed   

v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证

参考例句：

• The president was deposed in a military coup. 总统在军事政变中被废黜。
• The head of state was deposed by the army. 国家元首被军队罢免了。 来自《简明英汉词典》