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This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Steve Mirsky.Got a minute?

The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology¹ or Medicine goes to 85-year-old Robert Edwards of England, for the development of in vitro fertilization. The Karolinska Institute’s Christer Hoog:

“Robert Edwards, working in the United Kingdom, began his fundamental research on the biology of fertilization during the 1950s. He formulated² early a vision to develop an in vitro fertilization method to treat infertility³. In this method, an egg will be taken out of a woman, fertilized⁴ using sperm⁵ in a cell culture dish, and then returned to the woman.”

The first so-called test-tube baby, Louise Brown, was born in England in 1978.

“Since 1978, an increasing number of children, now approximately four million, have been born thanks to IVF. To briefly⁶ summarize the status of IVF today, 1 to 2 percent of all newborns in Europe, and America, and Australia and a number of countries, are conceived through IVF.”

Thanks for the minute, for Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I’m Steve Mirsky.

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1 physiology
n.生理学，生理机能
参考例句：
He bought a book about physiology.他买了一本生理学方面的书。 He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。

2 formulated
v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示
参考例句：
He claims that the writer never consciously formulated his own theoretical position. 他声称该作家从未有意识地阐明他自己的理论见解。来自《简明英汉词典》 This idea can be formulated in two different ways. 这个意思可以有两种说法。来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

3 infertility
n.不肥沃，不毛；不育
参考例句：
It is the Geneva, Switzerland-based Biotech Company's second recombinant infertility drug. 它是瑞士生物技术公司在日内瓦的公司生产的第二种重组治疗不孕症的药。来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术制药疫苗 Endometritis is a cause of infertility. 子宫内膜炎是不育的原子。来自辞典例句

4 Fertilized
v.施肥( fertilize的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
The study of psychology has recently been widely cross-fertilized by new discoveries in genetics. 心理学研究最近从遗传学的新发现中受益匪浅。 Flowers are often fertilized by bees as they gather nectar. 花常在蜜蜂采蜜时受粉。

5 sperm
n.精子，精液
参考例句：
Only one sperm fertilises an egg.只有一个精子使卵子受精。 In human reproduction,one female egg is usually fertilized by one sperm.在人体生殖过程中，一个精子使一个卵子受精。

6 briefly
adv.简单地，简短地
参考例句：
I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。 He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。