时代周刊:前情报长官提醒大家警惕特朗普主义的危险性(2)

To talk about it, the men met TIME at the Watergate complex, where a 1972 break-in spawned¹ the scandal that redefined the terms of governance.

为了讨论这一问题，两人同本刊记者在水门综合大厦见了面。1972年，情报部门曾闯入该大厦，以致丑闻爆发，民众对政府的管理方式另眼相看。

NEITHER MAN IS TAILOR-MADE for the job of restoring faith in truth and government.

然而，两人都不是为恢复民众对真相和政府的信心量身打造的角色。

For starters, some spies lie.

首先，某些间谍会撒谎。

And it was the discovery that America’s intelligence services had been exploiting secrets

美国情报部门一直在利用秘密谋取国家利益之外的利益，

for something other than the national good that fueled the crisis after Vietnam and Watergate.

正是这一发现导致了越南战争和水门事件后政府及情报部门公信力的崩塌。

Congressional investigators² in the 1970s found that the CIA, NSA and FBI had been meddling³ in politics

上世纪70年代，国会调查人员发现，CIA、NSA和FBI为保护自身利益持续干预政治，

and breaking the law to protect the interests of their agencies and preferred political bosses, not the American people.

实施违法行为，而且，比起美国人民，他们更偏向于其政治领导。

In response, Congress created special committees to oversee⁴ the work of the intelligence community.

为此，国会成立了监督情报机构工作的专门委员会。

With the new constraints⁵ in place, Hayden says,

有了新的约束力，海登说，

“we took it as an article of faith that if we followed the (new rules), we are doing things that are legitimate⁶ within American political culture.”

“我们坚信，如果我们遵循了(新规则)，我们所做的事情就是符合美国政治文化的合法行为。”

The post-Watergate measures held up for decades.

水门事件后，恢复公信力的措施搁置了几十年。

There were crises, including the intelligence community’s failure to spot the 9/11 terrorists’ plot,

危机时有发生，例如，情报机构未能及时发现911恐怖分子的阴谋，

the faulty intelligence that contributed to the decision to go to war in Iraq

错误的情报导致政府作出了发动伊拉克战争的决定，

and the 2013 revelations by Edward Snowden of the government’s electronic-surveillance programs.

2013年，政府的电子监听计划被爱德华·斯诺登曝光。

But even as faith in the federal government declined, trust in the intelligence agencies remained relatively⁷ high.

然而，尽管联邦政府的公信力有所下降，民众对情报机构的信任度依然较高。

In 2015, faith in the CIA was still about 60%, according to Pew, and in the NSA about 52%.

皮尤研究中心的数据显示，2015年，民众对CIA的信任度仍在60%左右，对NSA的信任度约为52%。

A year later, public confidence in the CIA had plummeted⁸ to 33%, according to an NBC/ Wall Street Journal poll.

一年后，全国广播公司(NBC)和《华尔街日报》合作展开的一项民调显示，公众对CIA的信任度已经暴跌至33%。

Congress and the spies point fingers at each other over who is to blame.

国会和间谍们互相指责，均认为是对方的过错。

Hayden says the outcry that followed Snowden’s revelations showed that public support for American spies was already eroding⁹.

海登表示，斯诺登泄密事件后，民众发出了强烈抗议，表明公众对美国间谍的支持已经开始滑坡。

“What I discovered,” Hayden says, “is that the post-Watergate structure for gaining legitimacy¹⁰ from the American people was no longer adequate.”

“我发现，”海登说，“水门事件后，从美国民众中间获取正统地位的资格已经不再充分。”

The programs Snowden revealed had been approved by the congressional committees, Clapper and Hayden agree.

克拉珀和海登一致认为，斯诺登曝光的监听计划得到了国会委员会的批准。

What had changed, says Hayden, was “a growing unwillingness¹¹ of the American people to outsource this oversight¹² and validation¹³ to their elected representatives.”

海登还说，不一样的是，“美国民众越来越不愿意将这种监督和验证的工作委托给他们遴选出的代表了。”

Americans, he says, no longer trusted Congress to keep the spies in check.

他说，美国民众已经不相信国会还能约束那些间谍。

Congressional critics see things differently.

国会批评人士则持不同看法。

They argue that the extraordinary measures the CIA, NSA and others took after 9/11 to fight terrorism

他们声称，CIA、NSA等机构在9/11事件后采取的打击恐怖主义的非常措施

included evading¹⁴ congressional oversight, and so broke the post-Watergate compact.

就含有逃避国会监督一项，这就打破了水门事件后的约定。

And they say both Clapper and Hayden bear some of the blame for the resulting loss of faith.

他们还说，克拉珀和海登都应为公信力崩塌这一后果承担部分责任。

In September 2006, Hayden first testified to the congressional oversight committees about the CIA’s “enhanced interrogation” program.

2006年9月，海登首次就中情局的“强化审讯”计划向国会监督委员会作证。

A multiyear report by the Senate Intelligence Committee later concluded

后来，参议院情报委员会一项持续了多年的报告显示，

that the CIA had engaged in widespread torture, which is illegal, and that Hayden had misled the committees.

中央情报局广泛应用酷刑，这一做法违反了法律，海登则误导了委员会。

1 spawned   

（鱼、蛙等）大量产（卵）( spawn的过去式和过去分词 )； 大量生产

参考例句：

• The band's album spawned a string of hit singles. 这支乐队的专辑繁衍出一连串走红的单曲唱片。
• The computer industry has spawned a lot of new companies. 由于电脑工业的发展，许多新公司纷纷成立。

2 investigators   

n.调查者，审查者( investigator的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• This memo could be the smoking gun that investigators have been looking for. 这份备忘录可能是调查人员一直在寻找的证据。
• The team consisted of six investigators and two secretaries. 这个团队由六个调查人员和两个秘书组成。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 meddling   

v.干涉，干预（他人事务）( meddle的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He denounced all "meddling" attempts to promote a negotiation. 他斥责了一切“干预”促成谈判的企图。 来自辞典例句
• They liked this field because it was never visited by meddling strangers. 她们喜欢这块田野，因为好事的陌生人从来不到那里去。 来自辞典例句

4 oversee   

vt.监督，管理

参考例句：

• Soldiers oversee the food handouts.士兵们看管着救济食品。
• Use a surveyor or architect to oversee and inspect the different stages of the work.请一位房产检视员或建筑师来监督并检查不同阶段的工作。

5 constraints   

强制( constraint的名词复数 )； 限制； 约束

参考例句：

• Data and constraints can easily be changed to test theories. 信息库中的数据和限制条件可以轻易地改变以检验假设。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史
• What are the constraints that each of these imply for any design? 这每种产品的要求和约束对于设计意味着什么？ 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

6 legitimate   

adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法

参考例句：

• Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
• That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。

7 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

8 plummeted   

v.垂直落下，骤然跌落( plummet的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Share prices plummeted to an all-time low. 股票价格暴跌到历史最低点。
• A plane plummeted to earth. 一架飞机一头栽向地面。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 eroding   

侵蚀，腐蚀( erode的现在分词 )； 逐渐毁坏，削弱，损害

参考例句：

• The coast is slowly eroding. 海岸正慢慢地被侵蚀。
• Another new development is eroding the age-old stereotype of the male warrior. 另一个新现象是，久已形成的男人皆武士的形象正逐渐消失。

10 legitimacy   

n.合法，正当

参考例句：

• The newspaper was directly challenging the government's legitimacy.报纸直接质疑政府的合法性。
• Managing from the top down,we operate with full legitimacy.我们进行由上而下的管理有充分的合法性。

11 unwillingness   

n. 不愿意，不情愿

参考例句：

• Her unwillingness to answer questions undermined the strength of her position. 她不愿回答问题，这不利于她所处的形势。
• His apparent unwillingness would disappear if we paid him enough. 如果我们付足了钱，他露出的那副不乐意的神情就会消失。

12 oversight   

n.勘漏，失察，疏忽

参考例句：

• I consider this a gross oversight on your part.我把这件事看作是你的一大疏忽。
• Your essay was not marked through an oversight on my part.由于我的疏忽你的文章没有打分。

13 validation   

n.确认

参考例句：

• If the countdown timer ever hits zero, do your validation processing. 处理这种情况的方法是在输入的同时使用递减计时器，每次击键重新计时。如果递减计时器变为零，就开始验证。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
• Although the validation control is a very widespread idiom, most such controls can be improved. 虽然确认控件是非常广泛的习惯用法，但还有很多有待改进的地方。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

14 evading   

逃避( evade的现在分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出

参考例句：

• Segmentation of a project is one means of evading NEPA. 把某一工程进行分割，是回避《国家环境政策法》的一种手段。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
• Too many companies, she says, are evading the issue. 她说太多公司都在回避这个问题。