Step by Step 3000 第2册 Unit5:Creative Minds(3)

 　　Part 3. Scientists of the millennium¹(2).

　　Keywords. idea, theory, discovery, method, establish, invention, change.

　　Vocabulary. origin, species, by means of, organism, evolution, survive, reproduce, microorganism, Pasteurization,

　　germ, resistance, inject, vaccination², vaccine³, deadly, affect, motion picture, device, unconscious,

　　psychiatry⁴, sexual, dispute, document, mass, square, atomic energy.

　　A. You're going to hear the second half of the passage about the discoveries and inventions of ten important scientists of the millennium.

　　Complete the chart with key words.

　　Charles Darwin was another important scientist of the past 1000 years.

　　He was born in England in 1809.

　　In 1859, he published a book called On the origin of species by means of natural selection.

　　He explained his idea that all living things developed from simple organisms.

　　He said these organisms changed during millions of years to produce different kinds of plants and animals, including humans.

　　This is known as the theory of evolution.

　　Charles Darwin's studies showed that some animals and planets have natural abilities that help them survive.

　　They pass these abilities to their young when they reproduce.

　　Other plants and animals that are less able to survive and reproduce may disappear.

　　Charles Darwin's theories provided new ideas about the developments of living things.

　　However, they shocked many religious people.

　　Many people today still strongly oppose the theory of evolution because it conflicts with their religious beliefs.

　　Our next important scientist of the past 1000 years is Louis Pasteur.

　　His discoveries saved many lives.

　　Louis Pasteur was born in 1822, in France.

　　He became a professor of chemistry.

　　He discovered that heat could kill harmful microorganisms.

　　Soon this Pasteurization method was used to keep many foods and drinks safe.

　　He also helped us establish the germ theory when he recognized that most diseases are spread by tiny organisms that reproduce in the body.

　　Louis Pasteur also proved that an animal can develop a resistance to a harmful organism if the organism is weakened in a laboratory and injected into the animal's body.

　　He called this method of preventing disease vaccination.

　　He developed vaccines⁵ to prevent deadly diseases in animals and people.

　　The inventor Thomas Edison was another influential⁶ scientist.

　　He was born in the United States in 1847.

　　His work made possible the progress of technology in the 20th century.

　　Almost everyone has been affected⁷ by the inventions of Thomas Edison.

　　These include the motion picture, sound recording⁸ and electric lights.

　　They are only three of the many devices Thomas Edison invented or helped to improve.

　　He also invented devices to improve the telephone.

　　He improved machines that produce electricity.

　　And he worked on many electric motors, including those for trains.

　　Thomas Edison once said the electric lights was the most difficult to develop.

　　He also called it his most important invention.

　　Our next scientist of the millennium is the Austria doctor Sigmund Freud.

　　He changed scientific ideas about the mind.

　　Dr Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia.

　　He established the idea that dreams help us understand our unconscious self.

　　He said this is the part of the mind containing wishes, desires or bed experiences too frightening to recognize.

　　Sigmund Freud's work on the causes and treatment of mental sicknesses helped to form the ideas of modern psychiatry.

　　His ideas about sexual development led to the discussion and treatment of sexual problems.

　　Many of Sigmund Freud's ideas are no longer used today, but no one disputes his great influence on the science of mental health.

　　Our final scientist of the past 1000 years is Albert Einstein.

　　He changed the way we understand the universe.

　　The great scientist was born in Germany in 1879.

　　In 1905, Albert Einstein published one of the most important scientific documents in history.

　　It explained his special theory of relativity.

　　This theory is about the ideas we use to describe the natural events.

　　It is about time, space, mass, movement and gravity.

　　Albert Einstein is perhaps best known for his mathematical statement E=mc2 or energy equals mass times the speed of light squared.

　　This statement explained that a great amount of energy could come from a small piece of matter.

　　It explained how the sun could give off heat and light for millions of years.

　　It also led to the discovery of atomic energy.

　　Albert Einstein's theories, like those of the other great scientists of the millennium, changed our world.

　　B. Now listen again, decide whether the statements are true or false.

　　Put "T" or "F" in the brackets.

1 millennium   

n.一千年，千禧年；太平盛世

参考例句：

• The whole world was counting down to the new millennium.全世界都在倒计时迎接新千年的到来。
• We waited as the clock ticked away the last few seconds of the old millennium.我们静候着时钟滴答走过千年的最后几秒钟。

2 vaccination   

n.接种疫苗，种痘

参考例句：

• Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.种痘是预防天花的方法。
• Doctors suggest getting a tetanus vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年注射一次破伤风疫苗。

3 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

4 psychiatry   

n.精神病学，精神病疗法

参考例句：

• The study appeared in the Amercian science Journal of Psychiatry.这个研究发表在美国精神病学的杂志上。
• A physician is someone who specializes in psychiatry.精神病专家是专门从事精神病治疗的人。

5 vaccines   

疫苗，痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
• The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。

6 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

7 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。

8 recording   

n.录音，记录

参考例句：

• How long will the recording of the song take?录下这首歌得花多少时间？
• I want to play you a recording of the rehearsal.我想给你放一下彩排的录像。