Step by Step 3000 第2册 Unit5:Creative Minds(2)

 　　Part 2. Scientists of the millennium¹(1).

　　Keywords. discovery, invention, founder², idea, describe, theory, accept, develop, method, the first, start, base... on, secret.

　　Vocabulary. type, mould, astronomer³, condemn⁴, withdraw, anatomical, vessel⁵, artery⁶,

　　vein⁷, conflict, influential⁸, calculus⁹, gravitation, principle, philosophy, unify¹⁰, the Roman Catholic Church.

　　A. Listen to the first half of a passage about the discoveries and inventions of ten important scientists of the millennium.

　　Complete the following chart with key words.

　　Today we tell about the discoveries of ten important scientists of the past one thousand years.

　　The earliest of these important scientists was Johannes Gutenberg.

　　He lived in Germany from about 1395 until about 1468.

　　Johannes Gutenberg invented the type mould and the first successful system of movable type used in Europe.

　　This made printing books faster and easier.

　　Johannes Gutenberg and others used his invention to produce books in the city of Mainz during the 1400's.

　　The system he invented remained unchanged for 350 years.

　　Nicolaus Copernicus was another important scientist.

　　He is considered the founder of the modern science of astronomy, the study of the planets and stars in the universe.

　　Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Poland in 1473.

　　At that time, most scientists accepted the idea that the earth was at the center of the universe and did not move.

　　The Greek astronomer Ptolemy had developed this idea more than 1000 years earlier.

　　Ptolemy also said that all the other objects in the space moved around the earth.

　　Copernicus believed that every planet, including the earth, moved around the sun.

　　He also believed the earth moved around its center once every day.

　　He described these theories in 1543.

　　These theories were not accepted in his lifetime.

　　But by the earlier 1600's, other scientists began to develop the methods that would prove Copernicus correct.

　　One of these scientists was Galileo Galilei. He was born in Italy in 1564.

　　Galileo was the first to use the telescope to discover new information about the planets and stars.

　　He decided¹¹ that the theory that all plants circled the sun was correct.

　　The Roman Catholic Church condemned¹² Galileo for saying Copernicus was right.

　　For centuries, the church had taught that the sun, the planets and the stars moved around the earth.

　　350 years passed before the Roman Catholic Church had admitted officially it was wrong and withdrew its condemnation¹³ of Galileo.

　　Our fourth scientist of the millennium is William Harvey. He was born in England in 1578.

　　He discovered how blood moves in animals and people.

　　Dr. Harvey described this in 1628 in the book An anatomical study of the motion of the heart and of the blood in animals.

　　This work was the start of all modern research on the heart and blood vessels¹⁴.

　　Dr. Harvey based his discoveries on observations and by cutting open dead animals and humans.

　　Dr. Harvey's experiments showed that the heart forces blood through the arteries¹⁵ to the body, he showed that the blood returns to the heart through the veins¹⁶.

　　His idea conflicted with the widely accepted ideas of the time, it has been called one of the most important medical discoveries of the millennium.

　　Isaac Newtown was another influential scientist of the past 1000 years.

　　Many experts say he was the most important scientist of them all.

　　He was born in England in 1642.

　　Isaac Newtown invented a new kind of mathematics called calculus.

　　He discovered the secrets of light and color.

　　And his theory of gravitation showed how the universe is held together.

　　Isaac Newtown published his discoveries on the laws of motion and the theory of gravitation in 1687 in his book The mathematical principles of natural philosophy.

　　It was the first book to describe a unified¹⁷ system of scientific rules explaining what happens on earth and in the universe.

　　It is considered one of the greatest works in the history of science.

　　B. Now listen again and answer the questions with key words.

1 millennium   

n.一千年，千禧年；太平盛世

参考例句：

• The whole world was counting down to the new millennium.全世界都在倒计时迎接新千年的到来。
• We waited as the clock ticked away the last few seconds of the old millennium.我们静候着时钟滴答走过千年的最后几秒钟。

2 Founder   

n.创始者，缔造者

参考例句：

• He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
• According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说，罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。

3 astronomer   

n.天文学家

参考例句：

• A new star attracted the notice of the astronomer.新发现的一颗星引起了那位天文学家的注意。
• He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。

4 condemn   

vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑

参考例句：

• Some praise him,whereas others condemn him.有些人赞扬他，而有些人谴责他。
• We mustn't condemn him on mere suppositions.我们不可全凭臆测来指责他。

5 vessel   

n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管

参考例句：

• The vessel is fully loaded with cargo for Shanghai.这艘船满载货物驶往上海。
• You should put the water into a vessel.你应该把水装入容器中。

6 artery   

n.干线，要道；动脉

参考例句：

• We couldn't feel the changes in the blood pressure within the artery.我们无法感觉到动脉血管内血压的变化。
• The aorta is the largest artery in the body.主动脉是人体中的最大动脉。

7 vein   

n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络

参考例句：

• The girl is not in the vein for singing today.那女孩今天没有心情唱歌。
• The doctor injects glucose into the patient's vein.医生把葡萄糖注射入病人的静脉。

8 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

9 calculus   

n.微积分；结石

参考例句：

• This is a problem where calculus won't help at all.对于这一题，微积分一点也用不上。
• After studying differential calculus you will be able to solve these mathematical problems.学了微积分之后，你们就能够解这些数学题了。

10 unify   

vt.使联合，统一；使相同，使一致

参考例句：

• How can we unify such scattered islands into a nation?我们怎么才能把如此分散的岛屿统一成一个国家呢？
• It is difficult to imagine how the North and South could ever agree on a formula to unify the divided peninsula.很难想象南北双方在统一半岛的方案上究竟怎样才能达成一致。

11 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

12 condemned   

adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another. 他谴责了那些说一套做一套的政客的虚伪。
• The policy has been condemned as a regressive step. 这项政策被认为是一种倒退而受到谴责。

13 condemnation   

n.谴责; 定罪

参考例句：

• There was widespread condemnation of the invasion. 那次侵略遭到了人们普遍的谴责。
• The jury's condemnation was a shock to the suspect. 陪审团宣告有罪使嫌疑犯大为震惊。

14 vessels   

n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人

参考例句：

• The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

15 arteries   

n.动脉( artery的名词复数 )；干线，要道

参考例句：

• Even grafting new blood vessels in place of the diseased coronary arteries has been tried. 甚至移植新血管代替不健康的冠状动脉的方法都已经试过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• This is the place where the three main arteries of West London traffic met. 这就是伦敦西部三条主要交通干线的交汇处。 来自《简明英汉词典》

16 veins   

n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理

参考例句：

• The blood flows from the capillaries back into the veins. 血从毛细血管流回静脉。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I felt a pleasant glow in all my veins from the wine. 喝过酒后我浑身的血都热烘烘的，感到很舒服。 来自《简明英汉词典》

17 unified   

(unify 的过去式和过去分词)； 统一的； 统一标准的； 一元化的

参考例句：

• The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
• The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。