异类之不一样的成功启示录 第175期:充足的休息有利于学生

 　　Similarly, the pioneer of public education in Massachusetts, Horace Mann,

　　相似的是，马萨诸塞州的公共教育倡导者霍勒·斯曼相信，

　　believed that working students too hard would create a "most pernicious influence upon character and habits....Not infrequently is health itself destroyed by over-stimulating the mind."

　　让学生学得太辛苦可能会对他们的“性格和习惯产生有害影响，而过度刺激头脑也常会对健康造成伤害。”

　　In the education Journals of the day, there were constant worries about overtaxing students or blunting their natural abilities to too much schoolwork.

　　那个时期的教育期刊总是担心学生负担太重，认为这样会造成学生天性的泯灭。

　　The reformers, Gold writes, strove for ways to reduce time spent studying, because long periods of respite¹ could save the mind from injury.

　　改革家戈德写道：要努力找到方法来减少花在学习上的时间，因为这样可以挽救受损的神经。

　　Hence the elimination² of Saturday classes, the shortening of the school day, and the lengthening³ of vocation—all of which occurred over the course of the nineteenth century.

　　之后，周六不再上课，上课的天数减少了，假期增加了。所有这些措施都是在19世纪之后才有的。

　　Teachers were cautioned that "when students are required to study, their bodies should not be exhausted⁴ by long confinement⁵, nor their minds bewildered by prolonged application."

　　“学生的身体不应该由于长期的限制而造成疲劳，所以当他们用脑时间过长时，教师就会被警告。”

　　Rest also presented particular opportunities for strengthening cognitive⁶ and analytical⁷ skill.

　　充足的休息时间让学生有更多机会去掌握认知和分析的技巧，

　　As one contributor to the Massachusetts Teacher suggested, "it is when thus relieved from the state of tension belonging to actual study that boys and girls, as well as men and women,

　　正如《马萨诸塞教师》的一位投稿人所建议的那样：“这个国家对成年及未成年学生实际学习的关心程度是令人放心的，

　　acquire the habit of thought and reflection, and of forming their own conclusions independently of what they are taught and the authority of others."

　　这就要求他们能对自己的结论有思考和借鉴的习惯，不能依赖于那些被灌输的观念或者其他的权威言论。

　　This idea-that effort must be balanced by rest-could not be more different from Asian notions about study and work, of course.

　　要努力做到劳逸结合的观念与亚洲那些有关学习和工作的观点大相径庭。

　　But then again, the Asian worldview was shaped by the rice paddy.

　　但是亚洲人的世界观是由黄种人形成的。

　　In the Pearl River Delta⁸, the rice farmer planted two and sometimes three crops a year.The land was fallow only briefly⁹.

　　在珠江三角洲地带，农民一年会种两到三批水稻，土地被闲置的时间很短。

　　In fact, one of the singular features of rice cultivation¹⁰ is that because of the nutrients¹¹ carried by the water used in irrigation, the more a plot of land is cultivated, the more fertile it gets.

　　由于营养是从灌溉的水中获得，所以水稻耕作的特征之一就是：土地被耕作的次数越多，就会越肥沃。

1 respite   

n.休息，中止，暂缓

参考例句：

• She was interrogated without respite for twenty-four hours.她被不间断地审问了二十四小时。
• Devaluation would only give the economy a brief respite.贬值只能让经济得到暂时的缓解。

2 elimination   

n.排除，消除，消灭

参考例句：

• Their elimination from the competition was a great surprise.他们在比赛中遭到淘汰是个很大的意外。
• I was eliminated from the 400 metres in the semi-finals.我在400米半决赛中被淘汰。

3 lengthening   

（时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的现在分词 )； 加长

参考例句：

• The evening shadows were lengthening. 残阳下的影子越拉越长。
• The shadows are lengthening for me. 我的影子越来越长了。 来自演讲部分

4 exhausted   

adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的

参考例句：

• It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长，到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
• Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。

5 confinement   

n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限

参考例句：

• He spent eleven years in solitary confinement.他度过了11年的单独监禁。
• The date for my wife's confinement was approaching closer and closer.妻子分娩的日子越来越近了。

6 cognitive   

adj.认知的，认识的，有感知的

参考例句：

• As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大，他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
• The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。

7 analytical   

adj.分析的；用分析法的

参考例句：

• I have an analytical approach to every survey.对每项调查我都采用分析方法。
• As a result,analytical data obtained by analysts were often in disagreement.结果各个分析家所得的分析数据常常不一致。

8 delta   

n.（流的）角洲

参考例句：

• He has been to the delta of the Nile.他曾去过尼罗河三角洲。
• The Nile divides at its mouth and forms a delta.尼罗河在河口分岔，形成了一个三角洲。

9 briefly   

adv.简单地，简短地

参考例句：

• I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
• He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。

10 cultivation   

n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成

参考例句：

• The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
• The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃，不值得耕种。

11 nutrients   

n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》