万物简史 第63期:事物的测定(10)

 Newton's laws explained so many things—the slosh and roll of ocean tides, the motions of planets, why cannonballs trace a particular trajectory¹ before thudding back to Earth, why we aren't flung into space as the planet spins beneath us at hundreds of miles an hour—that it took a while for all their implications to seep² in. But one revelation became almost immediately controversial.

牛顿定律解释了许许多多事情--海洋里潮水的飞溅和翻腾；行星的运动；为什么炮弹着地前沿着一条特定的弹道飞行；虽然我们脚下的行星在以每小时几百公里的速度旋转，为什么我们没有被甩进太空--这些定律的全部意义要费好大工夫才能领会。但是，它们揭示的事实几乎马上引发了争议。

This was the suggestion that the Earth is not quite round. According to Newton's theory, the centrifugal force of the Earth's spin should result in a slight flattening³ at the poles and a bulging⁴ at the equator, which would make the planet slightly oblate. That meant that the length of a degree wouldn't be the same in Italy as it was in Scotland. Specifically, the length would shorten as you moved away from the poles. This was not good news for those people whose measurements of the Earth were based on the assumption that the Earth was a perfect sphere, which was everyone.

这意味着，地球不是滴溜滚圆的。根据牛顿的学说，地球自转产生的离心力，造成两极有点扁平，赤道有点鼓起。因此，这颗行星稍稍呈扁圆形。这意味着，1度经线的长度，在意大利和苏格兰是不相等的。说得确切一点，离两极越远，长度越短。这对那些认为地球是个滴溜滚圆的球体，并以此来测量这颗行星的人来说不是个好消息。那些人就是大家。

For half a century people had been trying to work out the size of the Earth, mostly by making very exacting⁵ measurements. One of the first such attempts was by an English mathematician⁶ named Richard Norwood. As a young man Norwood had traveled to Bermuda with a diving bell modeled on Halley's device, intending to make a fortune scooping⁷ pearls from the seabed. The scheme failed because there were no pearls and anyway Norwood's bell didn't work, but Norwood was not one to waste an experience. In the early seventeenth century Bermuda was well known among ships' captains for being hard to locate. The problem was that the ocean was big, Bermuda small, and the navigational tools for dealing⁸ with this disparity hopelessly inadequate⁹. There wasn't even yet an agreed length for a nautical¹⁰ mile. Over the breadth of an ocean the smallest miscalculations would become magnified so that ships often missed Bermuda-sized targets by dismaying margins¹¹. Norwood, whose first love was trigonometry and thus angles, decided¹² to bring a little mathematical rigor¹³ to navigation and to that end he determined¹⁴ to calculate the length of a degree.

在半个世纪的时间里，人们想要测算出地球的大小，大多使用很严格的测量方法。最先做这种尝试的人当中有一位英国数学家，名叫理查德·诺伍德。诺伍德在年轻时代曾带着个按照哈雷的式样制作的潜水钟去过百慕大，想要从海底捞点珍珠发大财。这个计划没有成功，因为那里没有珍珠，而且诺伍德的潜水钟也不灵，但浪费一次经历的也不止诺伍德一个人。17世纪初，百慕大在船长中间以难以确定位置著称。问题是海洋太大，百慕大太小，用来解决这个差异的航海仪器严重不足。连1海里的长度还都说法不一。关于海洋的宽度，最细小的计算错误也会变得很大，因此船只往往以极大的误差找不到百慕大这样大小的目标。诺伍德爱好三角学，因此也爱好三角形，他想在航海方面用上一点数学，于是决定计算1度经线的长度。

 

1 trajectory   

n.弹道，轨道

参考例句：

• It is not difficult to sketch the subsequent trajectory.很容易描绘出它们最终的轨迹。
• The path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory.抛物体所循的路径称为它的轨道。

2 seep   

v.渗出，渗漏；n.渗漏，小泉，水（油）坑

参考例句：

• My anger began to seep away.我的怒火开始消下去了。
• If meteoric water does not evaporate or run overland,it may seep directly into the ground.如果雨水不从陆地蒸发和流走的话，就可能直接渗入地下。

3 flattening   

n. 修平 动词flatten的现在分词

参考例句：

• Flattening of the right atrial border is also seen in constrictive pericarditis. 右心房缘变平亦见于缩窄性心包炎。
• He busied his fingers with flattening the leaves of the book. 他手指忙着抚平书页。

4 bulging   

膨胀； 凸出（部）； 打气； 折皱

参考例句：

• Her pockets were bulging with presents. 她的口袋里装满了礼物。
• Conscious of the bulging red folder, Nim told her,"Ask if it's important." 尼姆想到那个鼓鼓囊囊的红色文件夹便告诉她：“问问是不是重要的事。”

5 exacting   

adj.苛求的，要求严格的

参考例句：

• He must remember the letters and symbols with exacting precision.他必须以严格的精度记住每个字母和符号。
• The public has been more exacting in its demands as time has passed.随着时间的推移，公众的要求更趋严格。

6 mathematician   

n.数学家

参考例句：

• The man with his back to the camera is a mathematician.背对着照相机的人是位数学家。
• The mathematician analyzed his figures again.这位数学家再次分析研究了他的这些数字。

7 scooping   

n.捞球v.抢先报道( scoop的现在分词 )；（敏捷地）抱起；抢先获得；用铲[勺]等挖（洞等）

参考例句：

• Heated ice cream scoop is used for scooping really cold ice cream. 加热的冰淇淋勺是用来舀非常凉的冰淇淋的。 来自互联网
• The scoop-up was the key phase during a scooping cycle. 3个区间中，铲取区间是整个作业循环的关键。 来自互联网

8 dealing   

n.经商方法，待人态度

参考例句：

• This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
• His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。

9 inadequate   

adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的

参考例句：

• The supply is inadequate to meet the demand.供不应求。
• She was inadequate to the demands that were made on her.她还无力满足对她提出的各项要求。

10 nautical   

adj.海上的，航海的，船员的

参考例句：

• A nautical mile is 1,852 meters.一海里等于1852米。
• It is 206 nautical miles from our present location.距离我们现在的位置有206海里。

11 margins   

边( margin的名词复数 )； 利润； 页边空白； 差数

参考例句：

• They have always had to make do with relatively small profit margins. 他们不得不经常设法应付较少的利润额。
• To create more space between the navigation items, add left and right margins to the links. 在每个项目间留更多的空隙，加左或者右的margins来定义链接。

12 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

13 rigor   

n.严酷，严格，严厉

参考例句：

• Their analysis lacks rigor.他们的分析缺乏严谨性。||The crime will be treated with the full rigor of the law.这一罪行会严格依法审理。

14 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。