万物简史 第129期:基本物质(1)

 7 Elemental Matters

7 基本物质

Chemistry as an earnest and respectable science is often said to date from 1661, when Robert Boyle of Oxford¹ published The Sceptical Chymist—the first work to distinguish between chemists and alchemists—but it was a slow and often erratic² transition. Into the eighteenth century scholars could feel oddly comfortable in both camps—like the German Johann Becher, who produced an unexceptionable work on mineralogy called Physica Subterranea, but who also was certain that, given the right materials, he could make himself invisible.

人们常说，化学作为一门严肃而受人尊敬的科学始于1661年。当时，牛津大学的罗伯特·玻义耳发表了“怀疑的化学家”——这是第一篇区分化学家和炼金术士的论文——但这一转变是缓慢的，常常是不确定的。进入18世纪以后，两大阵营的学者们都觉得适得其所——比如，德国人约翰·贝歇尔写出了一篇关于矿物学的严肃而又不同凡响的作品，题目叫做《地下物理学》，但他也很有把握，只要有合适的材料，他可以把自己变成隐身人。

Perhaps nothing better typifies the strange and often accidental nature of chemical science in its early days than a discovery made by a German named Hennig Brand in 1675. Brand became convinced that gold could somehow be distilled³ from human urine. (The similarity of color seems to have been a factor in his conclusion.) He assembled fifty buckets of human urine, which he kept for months in his cellar. By various recondite⁴ processes, he converted the urine first into a noxious⁵ paste and then into a translucent⁶ waxy⁷ substance. None of it yielded gold, of course, but a strange and interesting thing did happen. After a time, the substance began to glow. Moreover, when exposed to air, it often spontaneously burst into flame.

早年，最能体现化学那奇特而往往又很偶然的性质的，要算是德国人亨内希·布兰德在1675年的一次发现。布兰德确信，人尿可以以某种方法蒸馏出黄金。（类似的颜色似乎是他得出这个结论的一个因素。）他收集了50桶人尿，在地窖里存放了几个月。通过各种奥妙的过程，他先把尿变成了一种有毒的糊状物，然后再把糊状物变成一种半透明的蜡状物。当然，他没有得到黄金，但一件奇怪而有趣的事情发生了。过了一段时间，那东西开始发光。而且，当暴露在空气里的时候，它常常突然自燃起来。

1 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

2 erratic   

adj.古怪的，反复无常的，不稳定的

参考例句：

• The old man had always been cranky and erratic.那老头儿性情古怪,反复无常。
• The erratic fluctuation of market prices is in consequence of unstable economy.经济波动致使市场物价忽起忽落。

3 distilled   

adj.由蒸馏得来的v.蒸馏( distil的过去式和过去分词 )；从…提取精华

参考例句：

• The televised interview was distilled from 16 hours of film. 那次电视采访是从16个小时的影片中选出的精华。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Gasoline is distilled from crude oil. 汽油是从原油中提炼出来的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 recondite   

adj.深奥的，难解的

参考例句：

• Her poems are modishly experimental in style and recondite in subject-matter.她的诗在风格上是时髦的实验派，主题艰深难懂。
• To a craftsman,the ancient article with recondite and scholastic words was too abstruse to understand.可是对一个车轮师父而言，这些之乎者也的文言文是太深而难懂的。

5 noxious   

adj.有害的，有毒的；使道德败坏的，讨厌的

参考例句：

• Heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals.重工业产生的有毒化学品会污染我们的河流。
• Many household products give off noxious fumes.很多家用产品散发有害气体。

6 translucent   

adj.半透明的；透明的

参考例句：

• The building is roofed entirely with translucent corrugated plastic.这座建筑完全用半透明瓦楞塑料封顶。
• A small difference between them will render the composite translucent.微小的差别,也会使复合材料变成半透明。

7 waxy   

adj.苍白的；光滑的

参考例句：

• Choose small waxy potatoes for the salad.选些个头小、表皮光滑的土豆做色拉。
• The waxy oil keeps ears from getting too dry.这些蜡状耳油可以保持耳朵不会太干燥。