万物简史 第139期:基本物质(11)

 　　In between these undertakings¹, he somehow found time to conduct a good deal of solid science. He became the world’s foremost authority on thermodynamics and the first to elucidate² the principles of the convection offluids and the circulation of ocean currents. He also invented several useful objects, including a drip coffeemaker, thermal³ underwear, and a type of range still known as the Rumford fireplace. In 1805, during a sojourn⁴ in France, he wooed and married Madame Lavoisier, widow of Antoine-Laurent. The marriage was not a success and they soon parted. Rumford stayed on in France, where he died, universally esteemed⁵ by all but his former wives, in 1814.

　　在此期间，他挤出时间搞了大量纯科学工作。他成为世界上最著名的热力学权威，成为阐述液体对流和洋流循环原理的第一人。他还发明了几样有用的东西，包括滴滤咖啡壶、保暖内衣和一种现在仍叫做伦福德火炉的炉灶。1805年在法国逗留期间，他向安托万－洛朗·拉瓦锡的遗孀拉瓦锡太太求爱，娶她当了夫人。这桩婚事并不成功，他们很快就分道扬镳。伦福德继续留在法国，直到1814年去世。他受到法国人的普遍尊敬，除了他的几位前妻。

　　洋流循环图

　　But our purpose in mentioning him here is that in 1799, during a comparatively brief interlude in London, hefounded the Royal Institution, yet another of the many learned societies that popped into being all over Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. For a time it was almost the only institution ofstanding to actively⁶ promote the young science of chemistry, and that was thanks almost entirely⁷ to a brilliant young man named Humphry Davy, who was appointed the institution’s professor of chemistry shortly after its inception⁸ and rapidly gained fame as an outstanding lecturer and productive experimentalist.

　　我们之所以在这里提到他，是因为1799年他在伦敦的短暂停留期间创建了皇家科学研究所。18世纪末和19世纪初，英国各地涌现了许多学术团体，它成了其中的又一名成员。在一段时间里，它几乎是惟一的一所旨在积极发展化学这门新兴科学的有名望的机构，而这几乎完全要归功于一位名叫汉弗莱·戴维的杰出的年轻人。这个机构成立之后不久，戴维被任命为该研究所的化学教授，很快就名噪一时，成为一位卓越的授课者和多产的实验师。

1 undertakings   

企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务

参考例句：

• The principle of diligence and frugality applies to all undertakings. 勤俭节约的原则适用于一切事业。
• Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations. 此举要求军事上战役中所需要的准确布置和预见。

2 elucidate   

v.阐明，说明

参考例句：

• The note help to elucidate the most difficult parts of the text.这些注释有助于弄清文中最难懂的部分。
• This guide will elucidate these differences and how to exploit them.这篇指导将会阐述这些不同点以及如何正确利用它们。

3 thermal   

adj.热的，由热造成的；保暖的

参考例句：

• They will build another thermal power station.他们要另外建一座热能发电站。
• Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。

4 sojourn   

v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留

参考例句：

• It would be cruel to begrudge your sojourn among flowers and fields.如果嫉妒你逗留在鲜花与田野之间，那将是太不近人情的。
• I am already feeling better for my sojourn here.我在此逗留期间，觉得体力日渐恢复。

5 esteemed   

adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为

参考例句：

• The art of conversation is highly esteemed in France. 在法国十分尊重谈话技巧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He esteemed that he understood what I had said. 他认为已经听懂我说的意思了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 actively   

adv.积极地，勤奋地

参考例句：

• During this period all the students were actively participating.在这节课中所有的学生都积极参加。
• We are actively intervening to settle a quarrel.我们正在积极调解争执。

7 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

8 inception   

n.开端，开始，取得学位

参考例句：

• The programme has been successful since its inception.这个方案自开始实施以来一直卓有成效。
• Julia's worked for that company from its inception.自从那家公司开办以来，朱莉娅一直在那儿工作。