万物简史 第204期:威力巨大的原子(18)

 　　As it was, the Europeans had their hands full trying to understand the strange behavior of the electron. The principal problem they faced was that the electron sometimes behaved like a particle and sometimes like a wave. This impossible duality drove physicists² nearly mad. For the next decade all across Europe they furiously thought and scribbled³ and offered competing hypotheses. In France, Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie, the scion⁴ of a ducal family, found that certain anomalies in the behavior of electrons disappeared when one regarded them as waves.

　　实际上，欧洲人当时忙得不亦乐乎，试图搞清电子的古怪表现。他们面临的主要问题是，电子有时候表现得很像粒子，有时候很像波。这种令人难以置信的两重性几乎把物理学家逼上绝境。在此后的10年里，全欧洲的物理学家都在思索呀，乱涂呀，提出互相矛盾的假设呀。在法国，公爵世家出身的路易－维克多·德布罗意亲王发现如果把电子看做是波，那么电子行为的某些反常就消失了。

　　波动

　　The observation excited the attention of the Austrian Erwin Schrodinger, who made some deft⁵ refinements⁶ and devised a handy system called wave mechanics. At almost the same time the German physicist¹ Werner Heisenberg came up with a competing theory called matrix mechanics. This was so mathematically complex that hardly anyone really understood it, including Heisenberg himself ("I do not even know what a matrix is ," Heisenberg despaired to a friend at one point), but it did seem to solve certain problems that Schrodinger's waves failed to explain. The upshot is that physics had two theories, based on conflicting premises⁷, that produced the same results. It was an impossible situation.

　　这一发现引起了奥地利人埃尔文·薛定谔的注意。他巧妙地做了一些提炼，设计了一种容易理解的理论，名叫波动力学。几乎同时，德国物理学家维尔纳·海森伯提出了一种对立的理论，叫做矩阵力学。那种理论牵涉到复杂的数学，实际上几乎没有人搞得明白，包括海森伯本人在内（“我连什么是矩阵都不知道。”海森伯有一次绝望地对一位朋友说），但似乎确实解决了薛定谔的波动力学里一些无法解释的问题。结果，物理学有了两种理论，它们基于互相冲突的前提，但得出同样的结果。这是个令人难以置信的局面。

1 physicist   

n.物理学家，研究物理学的人

参考例句：

• He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
• The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。

2 physicists   

物理学家( physicist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• For many particle physicists, however, it was a year of frustration. 对于许多粒子物理学家来说，这是受挫折的一年。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
• Physicists seek rules or patterns to provide a framework. 物理学家寻求用法则或图式来构成一个框架。

3 scribbled   

v.潦草的书写( scribble的过去式和过去分词 )；乱画；草草地写；匆匆记下

参考例句：

• She scribbled his phone number on a scrap of paper. 她把他的电话号码匆匆写在一张小纸片上。
• He scribbled a note to his sister before leaving. 临行前，他给妹妹草草写了一封短信。

4 scion   

n.嫩芽，子孙

参考例句：

• A place is cut in the root stock to accept the scion.砧木上切开一个小口,来接受接穗。
• Nabokov was the scion of an aristocratic family.纳博科夫是一个贵族家庭的阔少。

5 deft   

adj.灵巧的，熟练的（a deft hand 能手）

参考例句：

• The pianist has deft fingers.钢琴家有灵巧的双手。
• This bird,sharp of eye and deft of beak,can accurately peck the flying insects in the air.这只鸟眼疾嘴快，能准确地把空中的飞虫啄住。

6 refinements   

n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作

参考例句：

• The new model has electric windows and other refinements. 新型号有电动窗和其他改良装置。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• It is possible to add a few useful refinements to the basic system. 对基本系统进行一些有益的改良是可能的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 premises   

n.建筑物，房屋

参考例句：

• According to the rules,no alcohol can be consumed on the premises.按照规定，场内不准饮酒。
• All repairs are done on the premises and not put out.全部修缮都在家里进行，不用送到外面去做。