万物简史 第206期:威力巨大的原子(20)

 　　What this means in practice is that you can never predict where an electron will be at any given moment. You can only list its probability of being there. In a sense, as Dennis Overbye has put it, an electron doesn’t exist until it is observed. Or, put slightly differently, until it is observed an electron must be regarded as being “at once everywhere and nowhere.”

　　真正的意思是，你永远也无法预测电子在任何特定时刻的位置。你只能认为它有可能在那里。在某种意义上，正如丹尼斯·奥弗比所说，电子只有等到被观察到了，你才能说它确实存在。换句稍稍不同的话来说，在电子被观察到之前，你非得认为电子"哪里都有，而又哪里都没有"。

　　If this seems confusing, you may take some comfort in knowing that it was confusing to physicists¹, too. Overbye notes: “Bohr once commented that a person who wasn’t outraged² on first hearing about quantum theory didn’t understand what had been said.” Heisenberg, when asked how one could envision an atom, replied: “Don’t try.”

　　如果你觉得被这种说法弄得稀里糊涂，你要知道，它也把物理学家们弄得稀里糊涂，这是值得安慰的。奥弗比说："有一次，玻尔说，要是谁第一次听说量子理论时没有发火，这说明他没有理解意思。"当有人问海森伯是不是可以想像一下原子的模样，他回答说："别这么干。"

　　蓝色的原子辐射背景

　　So the atom turned out to be quite unlike the image that most people had created. The electron doesn’t fly around the nucleus³ like a planet around its sun, but instead takes on the more amorphous⁴ aspect of a cloud. The “shell” of an atom isn’t some hard shiny casing, as illustrations sometimes encourage us to suppose, but simply the outermost⁵ of these fuzzy electron clouds. The cloud itself is essentially⁶ just a zone of statistical⁷ probability marking the area beyond which the electron only very seldom strays. Thus an atom, if you could see it, would look more like a very fuzzy tennis ball than a hard-edged metallic⁸ sphere (but not much like either or, indeed, like anything you’ve ever seen; we are, after all, dealing⁹ here with a world very different from the one we see around us).

　　因此，结果证明，原子不完全是大多数人创造的那个模样。电子并不像行星绕着太阳转动那样在绕着原子核飞速转动，而更像是一朵没有固定形状的云。原子的"壳"并不是某种坚硬而光滑的外皮，就像许多插图有时候怂恿我们去想像的那样，而只是这种绒毛状的电子云的最外层。实质上，云团本身只是个统计概率的地带，表示电子只是在极少的情况下才越过这个范围。因此，要是你弄得明白的话，原子更像是个毛茸茸的网球，而不大像个外缘坚硬的金属球。（其实，二者都不大像，换句话说，不大像你见过的任何东西。毕竟，我们在这里讨论的世界，跟我们身边的世界是非常不同的。）

1 physicists   

物理学家( physicist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• For many particle physicists, however, it was a year of frustration. 对于许多粒子物理学家来说，这是受挫折的一年。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
• Physicists seek rules or patterns to provide a framework. 物理学家寻求用法则或图式来构成一个框架。

2 outraged   

a.震惊的，义愤填膺的

参考例句：

• Members of Parliament were outraged by the news of the assassination. 议会议员们被这暗杀的消息激怒了。
• He was outraged by their behavior. 他们的行为使他感到愤慨。

3 nucleus   

n.核，核心，原子核

参考例句：

• These young people formed the nucleus of the club.这些年轻人成了俱乐部的核心。
• These councils would form the nucleus of a future regime.这些委员会将成为一个未来政权的核心。

4 amorphous   

adj.无定形的

参考例句：

• There was a weakening of the intermolecular bonds,primarily in the amorphous region of the polymer.分子间键合减弱，尤其在聚合物的无定形区内更为明显。
• It is an amorphous colorless or white powder.它是一种无定形的无色或白色粉末。

5 outermost   

adj.最外面的，远离中心的

参考例句：

• He fired and hit the outermost ring of the target.他开枪射中了靶子的最外一环。
• The outermost electron is shielded from the nucleus.原子核对最外层电子的作用受到屏蔽。

6 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

7 statistical   

adj.统计的，统计学的

参考例句：

• He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table.他用统计表显示价格的波动。
• They're making detailed statistical analysis.他们正在做具体的统计分析。

8 metallic   

adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的

参考例句：

• A sharp metallic note coming from the outside frightened me.外面传来尖锐铿锵的声音吓了我一跳。
• He picked up a metallic ring last night.昨夜他捡了一个金属戒指。

9 dealing   

n.经商方法，待人态度

参考例句：

• This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
• His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。