万物简史 第235期:马斯特-马克的夸克(7)

 　　"The charged pion and antipion decay respectively into a muon plus antineutrino and an antimuon plus neutrino with an average lifetime of 2.603 x 10-8 seconds, the neutral pion decays into two photons with an average lifetime of about 0.8 x 10-16 seconds, and the muon and antimuon decay respectively into . . ." And so it runs on—and this from a book for the general reader by one of the (normally) most lucid¹ of interpreters, Steven Weinberg.

　　“带电的π介子和反π介子分别衰变成一个μ介子加上反中微子和一个反μ介子加上中微子，平均寿命为2.603*10的负8次方秒；中性π介子衰变成2个光子，平均寿命大约为0.8*10的负16次方秒；μ介子和反μ介子分别衰变成……”如此等等──而且，这段话还是从（通常）文笔浅显的作家斯蒂芬·温伯格为普通读者写的一本书里引来的。

　　In the 1960s, in an attempt to bring just a little simplicity² to matters, the Caltech physicist³ Murray Gell-Mann invented a new class of particles, essentially⁴, in the words of Steven Weinberg, "to restore some economy to the multitude of hadrons"—a collective term used by physicists⁵ for protons, neutrons⁶, and other particles governed by the strong nuclear force.

　　20世纪60年代，加州理工学院物理学家默里·盖尔曼试图把事情简化一下，发明了一种新的粒子分类法，用斯蒂芬·温伯格的话来说，实际上“在一定程度上使大量的强子重新变得一目了然”──强子是个集体名词，物理学家用来指受强核力支配的质子、中子和其他粒子。

　　夸克

　　Gell-Mann's theory was that all hadrons were made up of still smaller, even more fundamental particles. His colleague Richard Feynman wanted to call these new basic particles partons, as in Dolly, but was overruled. Instead they became known as quarks.

　　盖尔曼的理论认为，所有强子都是由更小的，甚至更基本的粒子组成的。他的同事理查德·费曼想跟多利那样把这些新的基本粒子叫做部分子，但是没有获得通过。它们最后被称做夸克。

　　Gell-Mann took the name from a line in Finnegans Wake: "Three quarks for Muster⁷ Mark!" (Discriminating physicists rhyme the word with storks⁸, not larks⁹, even though the latter is almost certainly the pronunciation Joyce had in mind.) The fundamental simplicity of quarks was not long lived. As they became better understood it was necessary to introduce subdivisions.

　　盖尔曼从小说《芬内根的觉醒》的一句话中取了这个名字：“给马斯特·马克来三夸克(quarks)！”（敏锐的物理学家把storks或larks作为该词的韵脚，尽管乔伊斯脑子里想的几乎显然是后者的发音。）夸克的这种基本的简洁性并没有持续很久。随着人们对夸克的进一步了解，需要更细的分类。

1 lucid   

adj.明白易懂的，清晰的，头脑清楚的

参考例句：

• His explanation was lucid and to the point.他的解释扼要易懂。
• He wasn't very lucid,he didn't quite know where he was.他神志不是很清醒，不太知道自己在哪里。

2 simplicity   

n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯

参考例句：

• She dressed with elegant simplicity.她穿着朴素高雅。
• The beauty of this plan is its simplicity.简明扼要是这个计划的一大特点。

3 physicist   

n.物理学家，研究物理学的人

参考例句：

• He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
• The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。

4 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

5 physicists   

物理学家( physicist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• For many particle physicists, however, it was a year of frustration. 对于许多粒子物理学家来说，这是受挫折的一年。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
• Physicists seek rules or patterns to provide a framework. 物理学家寻求用法则或图式来构成一个框架。

6 neutrons   

n.中子( neutron的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The neutrons and protons form the core of the atom. 中子和质子构成了原子核。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• When an atom of U235 is split,several neutrons are set free. 一个铀235原子分裂时，释放出几个中子。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 muster   

v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册

参考例句：

• Go and muster all the men you can find.去集合所有你能找到的人。
• I had to muster my courage up to ask him that question.我必须鼓起勇气向他问那个问题。

8 storks   

n.鹳( stork的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Meg and Jo fed their mother like dutiful young storks. 麦格和裘像一对忠实的小鹳似地喂她们的母亲。 来自辞典例句
• They believe that storks bring new babies to the parents' home. 他们相信白鹤会给父母带来婴儿。 来自互联网

9 larks   

n.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的名词复数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了v.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的第三人称单数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了

参考例句：

• Maybe if she heard the larks sing she'd write. 玛丽听到云雀的歌声也许会写信的。 来自名作英译部分
• But sure there are no larks in big cities. 可大城市里哪有云雀呢。” 来自名作英译部分