万物简史 第517期:丰富多彩的生命(13)

 This was an amazing disclosure. 这句话里包含着丰富的历史内容。

Joseph Banks was England's greatest botanist¹, and the Endeavour voyage — that is the one on which Captain Cook charted the 1769 transit² of Venus 约瑟夫·班克斯是英国最伟大的植物学家，“奋进”号航行——即库克船长绘制1769年金星凌日图、

and claimed Australia for the crown, among rather a lot else — was the greatest botanical expedition in history. 宣布澳大利亚为皇家殖民地的那次航行——是历史上最伟大的植物探险。

Banks paid 10,000 pounds, about $1 million in today's money, 班克斯支付了l万英镑，相当于今天的60万英镑，

to bring himself and a party of nine others — a naturalist³, a secretary, three artists, and four servants — on the three-year adventure around the world. 让自己和另外9个人——1名博物学家、l名秘书、3名美术家和4名仆人——加入了这次为期3年的环球探险活动。

Goodness knows what the bluff⁴ Captain Cook made of such a velvety⁵ and pampered⁶ assemblage, 天知道性格粗率的库克船长是怎么和这帮子文绉绉的、娇生惯养的人相处的，

but he seems to have liked Banks well enough and could not but admire his talents in botany — a feeling shared by posterity⁷. 但他似乎很喜欢班克斯，禁不住钦佩他在植物学方面的才能——后辈们也怀有同样的感情。

Never before or since has a botanical party enjoyed greater triumphs. 没有哪个植物考察小组取得过那么大的成就。过去没有，此后也没有。

Partly it was because the voyage took in so many new or little-known places, 这在一定程度上是因为这次航行将许多不大知名的新地方，

Tierra del Fuego, Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea — but mostly it was because Banks was such an astute⁸ and inventive collector. 火地岛、塔希提岛、新西兰、澳大利亚、新几内亚——占为殖民地，但主要是因为班克斯是个敏锐和天才的采集家。

Even when unable to go ashore⁹ at Rio de Janeiro because of a quarantine, 即使由于检疫规定而未能在里约热内卢上岸，

he sifted¹⁰ through a bale of fodder¹¹ sent for the ship's livestock¹² and made new discoveries. 他还是为船上的牲口偷偷弄来一包饲料，做出了新的发现。

Nothing, it seems, escaped his notice. 似乎什么也逃不过他的目光。

Altogether he brought back thirty thousand plant specimens¹³, including fourteen hundred not seen before, 他总共带回来3万件植物标本，包括1400件以前没有见过的，

enough to increase by about a quarter the number of known plants in the world. 能为世界上已知的植物总数增加大约四分之一。

But Banks's grand cache was only part of the total haul in what was an almost absurdly acquisitive age. 但是，在一个渴求知识几乎到了荒唐程度的时代，班克斯的巨大收获只是总收获的组成部分。

Plant collecting in the eighteenth century became a kind of international mania¹⁴. 采集植物在l8世纪成了一种国际性的狂热。

Glory and wealth alike awaited those who could find new species, 荣誉和财富都在等着能发现新物种的人。

and botanists¹⁵ and adventurers went to the most incredible lengths to satisfy the world's craving¹⁶ for horticultural novelty. 植物学家和冒险家们竭尽全力来满足世人对新奇植物的渴求，达到了令人难以置信的地步。

Thomas Nuttall, the man who named the wisteria after Caspar Wistar, 托马斯·纳托尔，即那个以卡斯珀·威斯塔的名字来命名紫藤的人，

came to America as an uneducated printer but discovered a passion for plants and walked halfway¹⁷ across the country and back again, 来到美国的时候还是未受过教育的印刷工，但他发现自己对植物很感兴趣，徒步来回穿越半个美国，

collecting hundreds of growing things never seen before. 采集到了几百种以前没有见过的植物。

John Fraser, for whom is named the Fraser fir, spent years in the wilderness¹⁸ collecting on behalf of Catherine the Great 约翰·弗雷泽——福莱氏冷杉就是以他的名字命名的——花了几年时间在荒野里为叶卡捷琳娜大帝采集标本，

and emerged at length to find that Russia had a new czar who thought he was mad and refused to honor his contract. 最后发现俄罗斯已经换了个新沙皇。新沙皇认为弗雷泽是在发疯，拒绝兑现他的合同。

Fraser took everything to Chelsea, where he opened a nursery and made a handsome living selling rhododendrons, azaleas, magnolias, 弗雷泽把全部东西带回切尔西，在那里办了个苗圃，向英国乡绅们出售杜鹃花、木兰、

Virginia creepers, asters, and other colonial exotica to a delighted English gentry¹⁹. 弗吉尼亚匍匐植物、紫菀，以及其他来自殖民地的奇花异草，令他们欣喜万分，他自己也挣了不少钱。

Huge sums could be made with the right finds. 只要有合适的发现，就能挣到大钱。

John Lyon, an amateur botanist, spent two hard and dangerous years collecting specimens, but cleared almost $200,000 in today's money for his efforts. 业余植物学家约翰·莱昂花了艰苦而又危险的两年时间采集标本，收到了相当于今天l25000英镑的回报。

Many, however, just did it for the love of botany. 然而，许多干这种事的人完全出于对植物学的热爱。

Nuttall gave most of what he found to the Liverpool Botanic Gardens. 纳托尔把自己找到的大部分标本赠给了利物浦植物园。

Eventually he became director of Harvard's Botanic Garden and author of the encycl opedi cGenera of North American Plants (which he not only wrote but also largely typeset). 最后，他成为哈佛植物园的主任，百科全书般的《北美植物志》的作者（这本书不仅是他写的，而且在很大程度上是他排字的）。

And that was just plants. 那只是植物部分。

There was also all the fauna²⁰ of the new worlds — kangaroos, kiwis, raccoons, bobcats, mosquitoes, and other curious forms beyond imagining. 还有新世界的全部动物群——袋鼠呀，鹬鸵呀，浣熊呀，红猫呀，蚊子呀，还有别的难以想像的奇特东西。

The volume of life on Earth was seemingly infinite, as Jonathan Swift noted²¹ in some famous lines: 地球上的生命量似乎是永无尽头的，正如乔纳森·斯威夫特在一首著名的诗里指出的：

So, naturalists²² observe, a flea²³ Hath smaller fleas²⁴ that on him prey²⁵; 所以，博物学家注意到，一个跳蚤捕食较小的跳蚤；

And these have smaller still to bite 'em And so proceed ad infinitum. 较小的跳蚤还有更小的跳蚤可以咬。哪是尽头谁知晓。

All this new information needed to be filed, ordered, and compared with what was known. 所有这些新的信息都需要归档、整理并与已知的信息进行比较。

The world was desperate for a workable system of classification. 世界迫切需要一个可行的分类体系。

Fortunately there was a man in Sweden who stood ready to provide it. 幸亏瑞典有个人已经准备停当。

His name was Carl Linne (later changed, with permission, to the more aristocraticvon Linne), 他的名字叫卡尔·林奈（后来经过允许又改名为更有贵族味的冯·林奈），

but he is remembered now by the Latinized form Carolus Linnaeus. 但现在人们只记得他已经拉丁化的名字Carolus Linnaeus。

He was born in 1707 in the village of Rashult in southern Sweden, the son of a poor but ambitious Lutheran curate, 他生于瑞典南部的拉舒尔特村，父亲是个贫穷而又雄心勃勃的路德教助理牧师。

and was such a sluggish²⁶ student that his exasperated²⁷ father apprenticed²⁸ him (or, by some accounts, nearly apprenticed him) to a cobbler. 他在学业上很懒惰，因此他的父亲又气又恼，把他送到（据有的说法，是差一点把他送到）补鞋匠那里去当学徒。

Appalled²⁹ at the prospect³⁰ of spending a lifetime banging tacks³¹ into leather, 想到自己一辈子要往皮子里敲钉子，小林奈不寒而栗，

young Linne begged for another chance, which was granted, and he never thereafter wavered from academic distinction. 恳求再给他一次机会。他的要求得到满足。此后，他始终坚持要在学术上作出成绩。

He studied medicine in Sweden and Holland, though his passion became the natural world. 他在瑞典和荷兰攻读医学，虽然他渐渐对大自然产生了兴趣。

In the early 1730s, still in his twenties, he began to produce catalogues of the world's plant and animal species, using a system of his own devising, and gradually his fame grew. 18世纪30年代，他使用自己制定的体系，开始为世界上植物和动物的物种编制目录。他的名气渐渐响起来。

Rarely has a man been more comfortable with his own greatness. 很少有人像他那样心安理得地对待自己的名气。

He spent much of his leisure time penning long and flattering portraits of himself, 他花了很多业余时间来绘制和美化自己的肖像，

declaring that there had never "been a greater botanist or zoologist," 宣称从来没有出过“一个更伟大的植物学家或动物学家”，

and that his system of classification was "the greatest achievement in the realm of science." 他的分类体系是“科学领域最伟大的成就”。

Modestly he suggested that his gravestone should bear the inscription³² Princeps Botanicorum, "Prince of Botanists." 他还谦虚地提出，他的墓碑上应当写上“植物王子”的墓志铭。

It was never wise to question his generous self-assessments. 对他的赞扬备至的自我评估提出质疑绝对不是一件明智的事。

Those who did so were apt to find they had weeds named after them. 这么做的人往往发现自己的名字被用来命名野草。

Linnaeus's other striking quality was an abiding³³ — at times, one might say, a feverish³⁴ — preoccupation with sex. 林奈的另一个鲜明特点是他持久不变地——有时候可以说是狂热地——对性感兴趣。

He was particularly struck by the similarity between certain bivalves and the female pudenda. 某些双壳类动物和女性外阴的相似性给他留下了尤其深刻的印象。

To the parts of one species of clam³⁵ he gave the names vulva, labia, pubes, anus, and hymen. 有一种蛤蜊的一些部位他给起名为“外阴”、“阴唇”、“阴毛”、“肛门”，以及“处女膜”。

He grouped plants by the nature of their reproductive organs and endowed them with an arrestingly anthropomorphic amorousness³⁶. 他按照生殖器官来对植物进行分类，把它描述述得会像人那样谈情说爱。

His descriptions of flowers and their behavior are full of references to "promiscuous³⁷ intercourse," "barren concubines," and "the bridal bed." 他在描述花朵及其行为时，经常提到“乱交”、“不能生育的情妇”和“新婚之床”。

In spring, he wrote in one oft-quoted passage: 到了春天，他在一段经常被引用的话里写道：

Love comes even to the plants. Males and females ... hold their nuptials³⁸ ... showing by their sexual organs which are males, which females. 爱情甚至来到植物中间。男男女女……举行婚礼……以性器官来显示谁是男的，谁是女的。

The flowers' leaves serve as a bridal bed, which the Creator has so gloriously arranged, 花儿的叶子当做新婚之床，这一切造物主已经作好了极好的安排，

adorned³⁹ with such noble bed curtains, and perfumed with so many soft scents⁴⁰ that the bridegroom with his bride might there celebrate their nuptials with so much the greater solemnity. 挂起了如此高雅的床幔，洒上各种各样淡雅的香水，新郎和他的新娘可以在那里更庄严地庆祝婚礼。

When the bed has thus been made ready, then is the time for the bridegroom to embrace his beloved bride and surrender himself to her. 一旦床铺这样准备停当，接着就到了新郎拥抱新娘，把自己交托给她的时候。

He named one genus of plants Clitoria. 他把一种植物命名为“阴蒂”（即蝶豆属）。

Not surprisingly, many people thought him strange. 许多人认为他很古怪，这是不足为怪的。

But his system of classification was irresistible⁴¹. 然而，他的分类体系是极富魅力的。

Before Linnaeus, plants were given names that were expansively descriptive. 在林奈之前，植物的名字过分重于描述，长得不可开交。

The common ground cherry was called Physalis amno ramosissime ramis angulosis glabris foliis dentoserratis. 普通的酸浆属植物被叫做Physalis amno ramosissime ramis angulosis glabris foliis dentoserratis。

Linnaeus lopped it back to Physalis angulata, which name it still uses. 林奈把它缩短为Physalis anguulata（灯笼草）。这个名字现在依然沿用。

The plant world was equally disordered by inconsistencies of naming. 由于名称不一，植物界简直一片混乱。

A botanist could not be sure ifKosa sylvestris alba cum rubore, folio glabro was the same plant that others called Rosa sylvestris inodora seu canina. 一位植物学家不知道Rosa sylvestris alba cum rubore，folio glabro是不是就是指别的植物学家称之为Rosa sylvestris inodora seu canina的同一种植物。

Linnaeus solved the puzzlement by calling it simply Rosa canina. 林奈干脆把它叫做Rosa canina（多刺月季），从而解决了这个难题。

To make these excisions useful and agreeable to all required much more than simply being decisive. 这样大刀阔斧地缩短植物名称，使这些名称对大家有用并为大家接受。这需要的不仅是果断，

It required an instinct — a genius, in fact — for spotting the salient qualities of a species. 还需要一种本能——实际上是一种天才，能够发现一个物种的显著特点。

The Linnaean system is so well established that we can hardly imagine an alternative, 林奈分类系统的地位已经牢固确立，我们很难想像还能有别的体系来取而代之。

but before Linnaeus, systems of classification were often highly whimsical. 而在林奈之前，分类体系是极其随意的。

Animals might be categorized by whether they were wild or domesticated⁴², terrestrial or aquatic⁴³, large or small, 动物的分类标准可以是：野的还是家的，陆生的或水生的，大的还是小的，

even whether they were thought handsome and noble or of no consequence. 甚至它们被认为是漂亮和高贵的还是无足轻重的。

Buffon arranged his animals by their utility to man. 布丰根据动物对人的用途大小来进行分类，

Anatomical considerations barely came into it. 几乎不考虑解剖学上的特点。

Linnaeus made it his life's work to rectify⁴⁴ this deficiency by classifying all that was alive according to its physical attributes. 林奈按照生理特征来进行分类，把纠正上述不足作为自己毕生的事业。

Taxonomy — which is to say the science of classification — has never looked back. 分类学——即分类的科学——再也没有走回头路。

It all took time, of course. 这一切当然都要花时间。

The first edition of his great Systema Naturae in 1735 was just fourteen pages long. 他的大作《自然体系》在1735年的第一版只有14页。

But it grew and grew until by the twelfth edition — the last that Linnaeus would live to see — it extended to three volumes and 2,300 pages. 但是，它越来越长，越来越长，到了第12版——林奈活着见到的最后一版——已经扩展到3卷，长达2300页。

In the end he named or recorded some 13,000 species of plant and animal. 最后，他命名或记录了大约13000种植物和动物。

Other works were more comprehensive, 别的著作覆盖面还要广泛，

John Ray's three-volume Historia Generalis Plantarum in England, completed a generation earlier, covered no fewer than 18,625 species of plants alone, 约翰·雷在一代人以前完成的3卷本英格兰的《植物通史》仅植物就包括了不少于l8625种，

but what Linnaeus had that no one else could touch were consistency⁴⁵, order, simplicity⁴⁶, and timeliness. 但是，林奈有着没有人可以相比的地方：连贯、有序、简洁、及时。

 

1 botanist   

n.植物学家

参考例句：

• The botanist introduced a new species of plant to the region.那位植物学家向该地区引入了一种新植物。
• I had never talked with a botanist before,and I found him fascinating.我从没有接触过植物学那一类的学者，我觉得他说话极有吸引力。

2 transit   

n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过

参考例句：

• His luggage was lost in transit.他的行李在运送中丢失。
• The canal can transit a total of 50 ships daily.这条运河每天能通过50条船。

3 naturalist   

n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者)

参考例句：

• He was a printer by trade and naturalist by avocation.他从事印刷业，同时是个博物学爱好者。
• The naturalist told us many stories about birds.博物学家给我们讲述了许多有关鸟儿的故事。

4 bluff   

v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗

参考例句：

• His threats are merely bluff.他的威胁仅仅是虚张声势。
• John is a deep card.No one can bluff him easily.约翰是个机灵鬼。谁也不容易欺骗他。

5 velvety   

adj. 像天鹅绒的, 轻软光滑的, 柔软的

参考例句：

• a velvety red wine 醇厚的红葡萄酒
• Her skin was admired for its velvety softness. 她的皮肤如天鹅绒般柔软，令人赞叹。

6 pampered   

adj.饮食过量的，饮食奢侈的v.纵容，宠，娇养( pamper的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The lazy scum deserve worse. What if they ain't fed up and pampered? 他们吃不饱，他们的要求满足不了，这又有什么关系？ 来自飘（部分）
• She petted and pampered him and would let no one discipline him but she, herself. 她爱他，娇养他，而且除了她自己以外，她不允许任何人管教他。 来自辞典例句

7 posterity   

n.后裔，子孙，后代

参考例句：

• Few of his works will go down to posterity.他的作品没有几件会流传到后世。
• The names of those who died are recorded for posterity on a tablet at the back of the church.死者姓名都刻在教堂后面的一块石匾上以便后人铭记。

8 astute   

adj.机敏的，精明的

参考例句：

• A good leader must be an astute judge of ability.一个优秀的领导人必须善于识别人的能力。
• The criminal was very astute and well matched the detective in intelligence.这个罪犯非常狡猾，足以对付侦探的机智。

9 ashore   

adv.在(向)岸上，上岸

参考例句：

• The children got ashore before the tide came in.涨潮前，孩子们就上岸了。
• He laid hold of the rope and pulled the boat ashore.他抓住绳子拉船靠岸。

10 sifted   

v.筛( sift的过去式和过去分词 )；筛滤；细查；详审

参考例句：

• She sifted through her papers to find the lost letter. 她仔细在文件中寻找那封丢失的信。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She sifted thistles through her thistle-sifter. 她用蓟筛筛蓟。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 fodder   

n.草料；炮灰

参考例句：

• Grass mowed and cured for use as fodder.割下来晒干用作饲料的草。
• Guaranteed salt intake, no matter which normal fodder.不管是那一种正常的草料，保证盐的摄取。

12 livestock   

n.家畜，牲畜

参考例句：

• Both men and livestock are flourishing.人畜两旺。
• The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of livestock.暴雨和大水淹死了许多牲口。

13 specimens   

n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人

参考例句：

• Astronauts have brought back specimens of rock from the moon. 宇航员从月球带回了岩石标本。
• The traveler brought back some specimens of the rocks from the mountains. 那位旅行者从山上带回了一些岩石标本。 来自《简明英汉词典》

14 mania   

n.疯狂；躁狂症，狂热，癖好

参考例句：

• Football mania is sweeping the country.足球热正风靡全国。
• Collecting small items can easily become a mania.收藏零星物品往往容易变成一种癖好。

15 botanists   

n.植物学家，研究植物的人( botanist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Botanists had some difficulty categorizing the newly found plant. 植物学家们不大容易确定这种新发现的植物的种类。 来自辞典例句
• Botanists refer this flower to the rose family. 植物学家将这花归入蔷薇科。 来自辞典例句

16 craving   

n.渴望,热望

参考例句：

• a craving for chocolate 非常想吃巧克力
• She skipped normal meals to satisfy her craving for chocolate and crisps. 她不吃正餐，以便满足自己吃巧克力和炸薯片的渴望。

17 halfway   

adj.中途的，不彻底的，部分的；adv.半路地，在中途，在半途

参考例句：

• We had got only halfway when it began to get dark.走到半路，天就黑了。
• In study the worst danger is give up halfway.在学习上，最忌讳的是有始无终。

18 wilderness   

n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠

参考例句：

• She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。
• Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。

19 gentry   

n.绅士阶级，上层阶级

参考例句：

• Landed income was the true measure of the gentry.来自土地的收入是衡量是否士绅阶层的真正标准。
• Better be the head of the yeomanry than the tail of the gentry.宁做自由民之首，不居贵族之末。

20 fauna   

n.(一个地区或时代的)所有动物，动物区系

参考例句：

• This National Park is an area with unique fauna and flora.该国家公园区域内具有独特的动物种群和植物种群。
• Fauna is a biological notion means all the animal life in a particular region or period. 动物群是一个生物学的概念，指的是一个特定时期或者地区的所有动物。

21 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

22 naturalists   

n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者

参考例句：

• Naturalists differ much in determining what characters are of generic value. 自然学者对于不同性状决定生物的属的含义上，各有各的见解。 来自辞典例句
• This fact has led naturalists to believe that the Isthmus was formerly open. 使许多自然学者相信这个地蛱在以前原是开通的。 来自辞典例句

23 flea   

n.跳蚤

参考例句：

• I'll put a flea in his ear if he bothers me once more.如果他再来打扰的话，我就要对他不客气了。
• Hunter has an interest in prowling around a flea market.亨特对逛跳蚤市场很感兴趣。

24 fleas   

n.跳蚤( flea的名词复数 )；爱财如命；没好气地（拒绝某人的要求）

参考例句：

• The dog has fleas. 这条狗有跳蚤。
• Nothing must be done hastily but killing of fleas. 除非要捉跳蚤，做事不可匆忙。 来自《简明英汉词典》

25 prey   

n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨

参考例句：

• Stronger animals prey on weaker ones.弱肉强食。
• The lion was hunting for its prey.狮子在寻找猎物。

26 sluggish   

adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的

参考例句：

• This humid heat makes you feel rather sluggish.这种湿热的天气使人感到懒洋洋的。
• Circulation is much more sluggish in the feet than in the hands.脚部的循环比手部的循环缓慢得多。

27 exasperated   

adj.恼怒的

参考例句：

• We were exasperated at his ill behaviour. 我们对他的恶劣行为感到非常恼怒。
• Constant interruption of his work exasperated him. 对他工作不断的干扰使他恼怒。

28 apprenticed   

学徒，徒弟( apprentice的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• I was apprenticed to a builder when I was fourteen. 14岁时，我拜一个建筑工人为师当学徒。
• Lucius got apprenticed to a stonemason. 卢修斯成了石匠的学徒。

29 appalled   

v.使惊骇，使充满恐惧( appall的过去式和过去分词)adj.惊骇的；丧胆的

参考例句：

• The brutality of the crime has appalled the public. 罪行之残暴使公众大为震惊。
• They were appalled by the reports of the nuclear war. 他们被核战争的报道吓坏了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

30 prospect   

n.前景，前途；景色，视野

参考例句：

• This state of things holds out a cheerful prospect.事态呈现出可喜的前景。
• The prospect became more evident.前景变得更加明朗了。

31 tacks   

大头钉( tack的名词复数 )； 平头钉； 航向； 方法

参考例句：

• Never mind the side issues, let's get down to brass tacks and thrash out a basic agreement. 别管枝节问题，让我们讨论问题的实质，以求得基本一致。
• Get down to the brass tacks,and quit talking round the subject. 谈实质问题吧，别兜圈子了。

32 inscription   

n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文

参考例句：

• The inscription has worn away and can no longer be read.铭文已磨损，无法辨认了。
• He chiselled an inscription on the marble.他在大理石上刻碑文。

33 abiding   

adj.永久的，持久的，不变的

参考例句：

• He had an abiding love of the English countryside.他永远热爱英国的乡村。
• He has a genuine and abiding love of the craft.他对这门手艺有着真挚持久的热爱。

34 feverish   

adj.发烧的，狂热的，兴奋的

参考例句：

• He is too feverish to rest.他兴奋得安静不下来。
• They worked with feverish haste to finish the job.为了完成此事他们以狂热的速度工作着。

35 clam   

n.蛤，蛤肉

参考例句：

• Yup!I also like clam soup and sea cucumbers.对呀！我还喜欢蛤仔汤和海参。
• The barnacle and the clam are two examples of filter feeders.藤壶和蛤类是滤过觅食者的两种例子。

36 amorousness   

参考例句：

• The age of brisk amorousness had given way to that of storm and stress. 活泼多情的时代已让位于动乱的时代。 来自互联网

37 promiscuous   

adj.杂乱的，随便的

参考例句：

• They were taking a promiscuous stroll when it began to rain.他们正在那漫无目的地散步，突然下起雨来。
• Alec know that she was promiscuous and superficial.亚历克知道她是乱七八糟和浅薄的。

38 nuptials   

n.婚礼；婚礼( nuptial的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Their nuptials were performed by the local priest. 他们的婚礼由当地牧师主持。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• If he married, when the nuptials would take place, and under what circumstances? 如果他结婚，那么什么时候举行婚礼？在什么情况下举行婚礼？ 来自辞典例句

39 adorned   

[计]被修饰的

参考例句：

• The walls were adorned with paintings. 墙上装饰了绘画。
• And his coat was adorned with a flamboyant bunch of flowers. 他的外套上面装饰着一束艳丽刺目的鲜花。

40 scents   

n.香水( scent的名词复数 )；气味；（动物的）臭迹；（尤指狗的）嗅觉

参考例句：

• The air was fragrant with scents from the sea and the hills. 空气中荡漾着山和海的芬芳气息。
• The winds came down with scents of the grass and wild flowers. 微风送来阵阵青草和野花的香气。 来自《简明英汉词典》

41 irresistible   

adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的

参考例句：

• The wheel of history rolls forward with an irresistible force.历史车轮滚滚向前，势不可挡。
• She saw an irresistible skirt in the store window.她看见商店的橱窗里有一条叫人着迷的裙子。

42 domesticated   

adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He is thoroughly domesticated and cooks a delicious chicken casserole. 他精于家务，烹制的砂锅炖小鸡非常可口。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The donkey is a domesticated form of the African wild ass. 驴是非洲野驴的一种已驯化的品种。 来自《简明英汉词典》

43 aquatic   

adj.水生的，水栖的

参考例句：

• Aquatic sports include swimming and rowing.水上运动包括游泳和划船。
• We visited an aquatic city in Italy.我们在意大利访问过一个水上城市。

44 rectify   

v.订正，矫正，改正

参考例句：

• The matter will rectify itself in a few days.那件事过几天就会变好。
• You can rectify this fault if you insert a slash.插人一条斜线便可以纠正此错误。

45 consistency   

n.一贯性，前后一致，稳定性；(液体的)浓度

参考例句：

• Your behaviour lacks consistency.你的行为缺乏一贯性。
• We appreciate the consistency and stability in China and in Chinese politics.我们赞赏中国及其政策的连续性和稳定性。

46 simplicity   

n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯

参考例句：

• She dressed with elegant simplicity.她穿着朴素高雅。
• The beauty of this plan is its simplicity.简明扼要是这个计划的一大特点。