万物简史 第532期:丰富多彩的生命(28)

 In this state, you can drop them into boiling water or freeze them almost to absolute zero, 在这种状态下，你可以把它们扔进沸水里或把它们冷冻到接近绝对零度，

that is the level where even atoms give up — and, when this torment¹ has finished and they are returned to a more pleasing environment, 即连院子都受不了的程度。当这番折磨结束，把它们重新放到比较舒适的环境里的时候，

they will uncurl and move on as if nothing has happened. 它们马上舒展身子，继续活下去，仿佛什么事也没有发生。

So far, about 500 species have been identified (though other sources say 360), 这种微生物迄今已经发现了500种（有的资料说是360种），

but nobody has any idea, even remotely, how many there may be altogether. 但谁也不知道，一点儿也不知道，总共究竟有多少种。

For years almost all that was known about them was thanks to the work of a devoted² amateur, 在过去几年里，几乎所有的已知种类都归功于一位热心的业余人员的努力。

a London clerical worker named David Bryce who studied them in his spare time. 他是伦敦的一位办事员，名叫戴维·布赖斯，在业余时间研究吸螨。

They can be found all over the world, 吸螨世界各地都有，

but you could have all the bdelloid rotifer experts in the world to dinner and not have to borrow plates from the neighbors. 但你可以请世界上所有的吸螨专家到家里吃饭，而用不着向邻居借盘子。

Even something as important and ubiquitous as fungi³ — and fungi are both — attracts comparatively little notice. 连真菌这样非常重要而又无处不在的动物（真菌是既非常重要又无处不在的），也没有引起多大重视。

Fungi are everywhere and come in many forms — as mushrooms, molds, mildews⁴, yeasts⁵, and puffballs, to name but a sampling, 真菌无处不在，形式多样——略举几例，如蘑菇、霉菌、酵母、马勃。

and they exist in volumes that most of us little suspect. 它们大量存在，这点我们大多数人都不会怀疑。

Gather together all the fungi found in a typical acre of meadow and you would have 2,500 pounds of the stuff. 要是你把1万平方米普通草地上的真菌全部集中在一起，你会有2800千克的收获。

These are not marginal organisms. 它们不是不重要的生物。

Without fungi there would be no potato blights⁶, Dutch elm disease, jock itch⁷, or athlete's foot, but also no yogurts or beers or cheeses. 没有真菌，虽然没有了马铃薯枯萎病、荷兰榆树病、股癣和足癣，但也没有了酸奶、啤酒和奶酪。

Altogether about 70,000 species of fungi have been identified, but it is thought the number could be as high as 1.8 million. 已经发现的真菌总共有7万种左右，但据认为总数可能达到180万种。

 

1 torment   

n.折磨；令人痛苦的东西(人)；vt.折磨；纠缠

参考例句：

• He has never suffered the torment of rejection.他从未经受过遭人拒绝的痛苦。
• Now nothing aggravates me more than when people torment each other.没有什么东西比人们的互相折磨更使我愤怒。

2 devoted   

adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的

参考例句：

• He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。

3 fungi   

n.真菌，霉菌

参考例句：

• Students practice to apply the study of genetics to multicellular plants and fungi.学生们练习把基因学应用到多细胞植物和真菌中。
• The lawn was covered with fungi.草地上到处都是蘑菇。

4 mildews   

v.（使）发霉，（使）长霉( mildew的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The downy mildews of medical and poisonous plants in Xinjiang grassland were systematically classified. 对新疆草地药用植物及有毒有害植物的霜霉菌进行了系统的分类研究。 来自互联网

5 yeasts   

酵母( yeast的名词复数 )； 酵母菌； 发面饼； 发酵粉

参考例句：

• The basidiospores proliperate in a manner comparable to the multiplication of yeasts. 担孢子以一种可与酵母繁殖相比拟的方式进行增殖。
• Wine yeasts can grow in sweet wines even after bottling. 装瓶以后葡萄酒酵母也能在甜葡萄酒中生长。

6 blights   

使凋萎( blight的第三人称单数 )； 使颓丧； 损害； 妨害

参考例句：

• The crops suffered from frequent blights. 农作物经常遭受病虫害。
• New England was accustomed to didacticism in its literature, and unmitigated didacticism blights the novel. 新英格兰习惯于在文学里说教，可是一味说教，小说就要完蛋。

7 itch   

n.痒，渴望，疥癣；vi.发痒，渴望

参考例句：

• Shylock has an itch for money.夏洛克渴望发财。
• He had an itch on his back.他背部发痒。