万物简史 第644期:神秘的两足动物(22)

Tattersall thinks the rise of a big brain may simply have been an evolutionary¹ accident. He believes with Stephen Jay Gould that if you replayed the tape of life—even if you ran it back only a relatively² short way to the dawn of hominids—the chances are "quite unlikely" that modern humans or anything like them would be here now.

塔特萨尔认为，脑量的增大也许仅仅是进化过程的一个偶然。他相信斯蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德的说法，如果你将生命的进化过程回放一遍即便你仅仅从人科动物出现的相对较短的时间开始，现代人类或任何和他们相似的生物，能够一直存在到今天的可能性“实在很小”。

"One of the hardest ideas for humans to accept," he says, "is that we are not the culmination³ of anything. There is nothing inevitable⁴ about our being here. It is part of our vanity as humans that we tend to think of evolution as a process that, in effect, was programmed to produce us. Even anthropologists tended to think this way right up until the 1970s" Indeed, as recently as 1991, in the popular textbook The Stages of Evolution, C. Loring Brace⁵ stuck doggedly⁶ to the linear concept, acknowledging just one evolutionary dead end, the robust⁷ australopithecines. Everything else represented a straightforward⁸ progression—each species of hominid carrying the baton⁹ of development so far, then handing it on to a younger, fresher runner. Now, however, it seems certain that many of these early forms followed side trails that didn't come to anything.

“人们最不易于接受的观点之一，”他说，“就是我们不是万物的顶点。我们生活在这儿，一切都并非必然。部分出于人类的自负，我们往往将进化理解为实际上是安排好来产生人类的一个过程。直到20世纪70年代以前，连人类学家都持这样的观点。事实上，直到1991年，在C.罗瑞·布里斯所著的流传很广的教科书《进化的阶段》里，他依然顽固坚持这样一种线性进化观念。他只承认一个进化的终点，那就是南方古猿粗壮种的灭绝。所有其他的种群代表了一个直线进化的过程——每一种群都接过了前辈的接力棒，再把它传给年轻的后来者。无论如何，现在似乎可以肯定的是，这些早期的种群许多走了小路叉道，已经灭绝了。

1 evolutionary   

adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的

参考例句：

• Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
• These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。

2 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

3 culmination   

n.顶点；最高潮

参考例句：

• The space race reached its culmination in the first moon walk.太空竞争以第一次在月球行走而达到顶峰。
• It may truly be regarded as the culmination of classical Greek geometry.这确实可以看成是古典希腊几何的登峰造级之作。

4 inevitable   

adj.不可避免的，必然发生的

参考例句：

• Mary was wearing her inevitable large hat.玛丽戴着她总是戴的那顶大帽子。
• The defeat had inevitable consequences for British policy.战败对英国政策不可避免地产生了影响。

5 brace   

n. 支柱,曲柄,大括号; v. 绷紧,顶住,(为困难或坏事)做准备

参考例句：

• My daughter has to wear a brace on her teeth. 我的女儿得戴牙套以矫正牙齿。
• You had better brace yourself for some bad news. 有些坏消息,你最好做好准备。

6 doggedly   

adv.顽强地，固执地

参考例句：

• He was still doggedly pursuing his studies.他仍然顽强地进行着自己的研究。
• He trudged doggedly on until he reached the flat.他顽强地、步履艰难地走着，一直走回了公寓。

7 robust   

adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的

参考例句：

• She is too tall and robust.她个子太高，身体太壮。
• China wants to keep growth robust to reduce poverty and avoid job losses,AP commented.美联社评论道，中国希望保持经济强势增长，以减少贫困和失业状况。

8 straightforward   

adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的

参考例句：

• A straightforward talk is better than a flowery speech.巧言不如直说。
• I must insist on your giving me a straightforward answer.我一定要你给我一个直截了当的回答。

9 baton   

n.乐队用指挥杖

参考例句：

• With the baton the conductor was beating time.乐队指挥用指挥棒打拍子。
• The conductor waved his baton,and the band started up.指挥挥动指挥棒，乐队开始演奏起来。