听力文摘：种族刻板印象

Racial Stereotypes² and Memory

种族刻板印象

Although there has been much debate about whether race has a biological or social basis, the bottom line is that race is a psychological reality for many people. That is, many folks assign other individuals to racial categories based on their appearance, and then make assumptions about them.

对于种族歧视究竟是生物种群还是社会因素在作怪，虽然还未有定论，但至少对多数人来说是一种心理现象的现实反应——他们自动地将他人分门别类，然后定版结论。

But racial stereotyping³ goes beyond classifying people into groups. When a group is assigned a negative stereotype¹, individuals that exhibit more of the physical characteristics identified with that group suffer more discrimination.

但种族刻板印象远远不止如此。当一个人的行为被贴上低等族群的标签时，会遭受到更多的歧视。

For example, in a recent study, participants were asked to read one of four news articles about a hypothetical African American man. The first story was about a professor receiving an award. The second was about an athlete, a role stereotypically⁴ linked to African Americans. The third was about a white-collar criminal and the fourth about a violent criminal. No matter which story they read, all participants saw the same photo of the man.

例如在最近的一项研究中，有四篇关于非裔美国人的新闻，参与研究者被要求阅读其中的一篇，人们关于种族的印象在这里彰显无遗。第一篇是关于一名教授获奖的事件。第二篇是一名运动员，他身上非裔美国人的特质彰显无遗。最后两篇分别是一名白领罪犯和一名暴徒。不论选择哪篇，文章的附图都是同一名男子。

Despite that fact, when participants were asked to reconstruct the man's face on a computer, they gave the man more stereotypically African features, such as darker skin tones, if he had been portrayed⁶ negatively as the white collar criminal, or—especially—as the violent criminal.

参与者被要求在电脑上重塑这名男子的拼图，在让他们描述后两种负面情况时，他们更偏重男子的非洲人特质，例如黑皮肤，

The fact that they didn't associate more African features with the athlete, who was portrayed positively⁷, suggests the participants linked these features to negativity rather than stereotypes. And this happened regardless of the participants'self-reported racial attitudes, which means that they weren't even aware they were having these troubling responses.

事实上，他们并没有将更多非洲人的特质赋予正面的运动员形象。这就意味着参与者将这些特质与负面形象联系起来，而非刻板印象。而这一切无关参与者自己的种族观念，他们根本就没意识到自己的答案是存在问题的。

If so, then it's not enough to study the way the media portray⁵ racial groups. It's also important to study how the public interprets and remembers—or misremembers—the news in a way that sustains racism⁸.

果真如此，这对于研究媒体描述不同种族尚且存在不足。但对于研究基于一定的种族歧视人们是如何理解、记忆或遗漏这些新闻信息的还是有其重要的价值。

1 stereotype   

n.固定的形象，陈规，老套，旧框框

参考例句：

• He's my stereotype of a schoolteacher.他是我心目中的典型教师。
• There's always been a stereotype about successful businessmen.人们对于成功商人一直都有一种固定印象。

2 stereotypes   

n.老套，模式化的见解，有老一套固定想法的人( stereotype的名词复数 )v.把…模式化，使成陈规( stereotype的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Such jokes tend to reinforce racial stereotypes. 这样的笑话容易渲染种族偏见。
• It makes me sick to read over such stereotypes devoid of content. 这种空洞无物的八股调，我看了就讨厌。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

3 stereotyping   

v.把…模式化，使成陈规( stereotype的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• I realize that I'm stereotyping. 我认识到我搞的是老一套。 来自辞典例句
• There is none of the gender stereotyping usually evident in school uniforms. 有没有人的性别刻板印象通常是显而易见的。 来自互联网

4 stereotypically   

adv.带有成见地(stereotype的副词形式)

参考例句：

5 portray   

v.描写，描述；画(人物、景象等)

参考例句：

• It is difficult to portray feelings in words.感情很难用言语来描写。
• Can you portray the best and worst aspects of this job?您能描述一下这份工作最好与最坏的方面吗？

6 portrayed   

v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画

参考例句：

• Throughout the trial, he portrayed himself as the victim. 在审讯过程中，他始终把自己说成是受害者。
• The author portrayed his father as a vicious drunkard. 作者把他父亲描绘成一个可恶的酒鬼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

7 positively   

adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实

参考例句：

• She was positively glowing with happiness.她满脸幸福。
• The weather was positively poisonous.这天气着实讨厌。

8 racism   

n.民族主义；种族歧视(意识)

参考例句：

• He said that racism is endemic in this country.他说种族主义在该国很普遍。
• Racism causes political instability and violence.种族主义道致政治动荡和暴力事件。