英国卫报：独狼式恐怖分子的故事(5)

In an attempt to understand how this new threat had developed, analysts¹ raked through the growing body of texts posted online by jihadi thinkers.

为了了解这种新的威胁是如何形成的，分析人员翻阅了圣战思想家在网上发布的越来越多的文本。

It seemed that one strategist had been particularly influential²: a Syrian called Mustafa Setmariam Nasar, better known as Abu Musab al-Suri.

似乎有一位战略家的影响特别大：叙利亚人穆斯塔法-塞特马里亚姆-纳萨尔，又称阿布-穆萨布-苏里。

In 2004, in a sprawling³ set of writings posted on an extremist website, Nasar had laid out a new strategy that was remarkably⁴ similar to leaderless resistance, although there is no evidence that he knew of the thinking of men such as Beam or Metzger.

2004年，纳萨尔在一个极端主义网站上发表了一系列文章，提出了一个与无领导抵抗极为相似的新战略，尽管没有证据表明他知道贝姆或梅茨格等人的想法。

Nasars maxim⁵ was Principles, not organisations.

纳萨尔的格言是原则，而不是组织。

He envisaged⁶ individual attackers and cells, guided by texts published online, striking targets across the world.

他设想个人攻击者和小组在网上公布的文本指导下，对世界各地的目标进行攻击。

Having identified this new threat, security officials, journalists and policymakers needed a new vocabulary to describe it.

在确定了这种新的威胁之后，安全官员、记者和政策制定者需要一个新的词汇来描述它。

The rise of the term lone⁷ wolf wasnt wholly unprecedented⁸.

独狼一词的出现并非完全没有先例。

In the aftermath of 9/11, the US had passed anti-terror legislation that included a so-called lone wolf provision.

在9.11事件之后，美国通过了反恐立法，其中包括所谓的“独狼条款”。

This made it possible to pursue terrorists who were members of groups based abroad but who were acting⁹ alone in the US.

这使得追捕那些以国外为基地但在美国单独行动的恐怖分子成为可能。

Yet this provision conformed to the prevailing¹⁰ idea that all terrorists belonged to bigger groups and acted on orders from their superiors.

然而，这一规定符合所有恐怖分子都属于更大的团体并按照上级的命令行事的普遍想法。

The stereotype¹¹ of the lone wolf terrorist that dominates todays media landscape was not yet fully¹² formed.

独狼恐怖分子的刻板印象主宰着今天的媒体景观，但这种印象还没有完全形成。

It is hard to be exact about when things changed.

很难准确直到什么时候发生了变化。

By around 2006, a small number of analysts had begun to refer to lone-wolf attacks in the context of Islamic militancy¹³, and Israeli officials were using the term to describe attacks by apparently¹⁴ solitary¹⁵ Palestinian attackers.

到2006年左右，少数分析家开始在伊斯兰激进主义的背景下提及独狼式袭击，而以色列官员则使用这一术语来描述明显是独行的巴勒斯坦袭击者的袭击。

Yet these were outliers.

然而，这些都是异类。

In researching this article, I called eight counter-terrorism officials active over the last decade to ask them when they had first heard references to lone-wolf terrorism.

在研究这篇文章时，我给过去十年中活跃的八位反恐官员打电话，问他们何时第一次听到独狼式恐怖主义的说法。

One said around 2008, three said 2009, three 2010 and one around 2011.

一位说是2008年左右，三位说是2009年，三位是2010年，一位是2011年左右。

The expression is what gave the concept traction¹⁶, Richard Barrett, who held senior counter-terrorist positions in MI6, the British overseas intelligence service, and the UN through the period, told me.

曾在军情六处、英国海外情报局和联合国担任高级反恐职务的理查德-巴雷特（Richard Barrett）告诉我，这种说法给了这个概念吸引力。

Before the rise of the lone wolf, security officials used phrases C all equally flawed C such as homegrowns, cleanskins, freelancers¹⁷ or simply unaffiliated.

在“独狼”兴起之前，安全官员使用的词语都有同样的缺陷，如本土人、干净的人、自由职业者或仅仅是不相干的人。

As successive jihadi plots were uncovered that did not appear to be linked to al-Qaida or other such groups, the term became more common.

随着接二连三地发现似乎与基地组织或其他此类组织没有联系的圣战阴谋，这个词变得更加普遍。

Between 2009 and 2012 it appears in around 300 articles in major English-language news publications each year, according the professional cuttings search engine Lexis Nexis.

根据专业剪报搜索引擎Lexis Nexis的数据，2009年至2012年期间，这个词每年在主要英语新闻出版物上出现约300篇文章中。

Since then, the term has become ubiquitous.

从那时起，这个词已经变得无处不在。

In the 12 months before the London attack last week, the number of references to lone wolves exceeded the total of those over the previous three years, topping 1,000.

在上周伦敦袭击事件发生前的12个月里，提到独狼的次数超过了前三年的总和，超过了1000次。

Lone wolves are now apparently everywhere, stalking our streets, schools and airports.

现在，独狼显然无处不在，在我们的街道、学校和机场出现。

Yet, as with the tendency to attribute all terrorist attacks to al-Qaida a decade earlier, this is a dangerous simplification.

然而，正如十年前将所有恐怖袭击归咎于基地组织的倾向一样，这是一种危险的简单化。

1 analysts   

分析家，化验员( analyst的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• City analysts forecast huge profits this year. 伦敦金融分析家预测今年的利润非常丰厚。
• I was impressed by the high calibre of the researchers and analysts. 研究人员和分析人员的高素质给我留下了深刻印象。

2 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

3 sprawling   

adj.蔓生的，不规则地伸展的v.伸开四肢坐[躺]( sprawl的现在分词 )；蔓延；杂乱无序地拓展；四肢伸展坐着（或躺着）

参考例句：

• He was sprawling in an armchair in front of the TV. 他伸开手脚坐在电视机前的一张扶手椅上。
• a modern sprawling town 一座杂乱无序拓展的现代城镇

4 remarkably   

ad.不同寻常地，相当地

参考例句：

• I thought she was remarkably restrained in the circumstances. 我认为她在那种情况下非常克制。
• He made a remarkably swift recovery. 他康复得相当快。

5 maxim   

n.格言，箴言

参考例句：

• Please lay the maxim to your heart.请把此格言记在心里。
• "Waste not,want not" is her favourite maxim.“不浪费则不匮乏”是她喜爱的格言。

6 envisaged   

想像，设想( envisage的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He envisaged an old age of loneliness and poverty. 他面对着一个孤独而贫困的晚年。
• Henry Ford envisaged an important future for the motor car. 亨利·福特为汽车设想了一个远大前程。

7 lone   

adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的

参考例句：

• A lone sea gull flew across the sky.一只孤独的海鸥在空中飞过。
• She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach.她在空旷的海滩上能看到一个孤独的身影。

8 unprecedented   

adj.无前例的，新奇的

参考例句：

• The air crash caused an unprecedented number of deaths.这次空难的死亡人数是空前的。
• A flood of this sort is really unprecedented.这样大的洪水真是十年九不遇。

9 acting   

n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的

参考例句：

• Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她，她只是假装的。
• During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代，她的表演生涯黯然失色。

10 prevailing   

adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的

参考例句：

• She wears a fashionable hair style prevailing in the city.她的发型是这个城市流行的款式。
• This reflects attitudes and values prevailing in society.这反映了社会上盛行的态度和价值观。

11 stereotype   

n.固定的形象，陈规，老套，旧框框

参考例句：

• He's my stereotype of a schoolteacher.他是我心目中的典型教师。
• There's always been a stereotype about successful businessmen.人们对于成功商人一直都有一种固定印象。

12 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

13 militancy   

n.warlike behavior or tendency

参考例句：

• Full of militancy and revolutionary ardour, the people of all nationalities in the country are working hard for the realization of the four modernizations. 全国各族人民意气风发， 斗志昂扬，为实现四个现代化而奋战。
• The seniority system is another factor that leads to union militancy. 排资论辈制度也是导致工会好斗争的另一因素。

14 apparently   

adv.显然地；表面上，似乎

参考例句：

• An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽，豁然开朗。
• He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。

15 solitary   

adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士

参考例句：

• I am rather fond of a solitary stroll in the country.我颇喜欢在乡间独自徜徉。
• The castle rises in solitary splendour on the fringe of the desert.这座城堡巍然耸立在沙漠的边际，显得十分壮美。

16 traction   

n.牵引；附着摩擦力

参考例句：

• I'll show you how the traction is applied.我会让你看如何做这种牵引。
• She's injured her back and is in traction for a month.她背部受伤，正在作一个月的牵引治疗。

17 freelancers   

n.自由作家，自由记者( freelancer的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• A lot of proof-reading is put out to freelancers. 校对工作有很多是请外人做的。 来自辞典例句
• Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in the industry. 在本行业内它的福利方案是很有竞争力的。 来自互联网