学会英语四级语法之直接引语和间接引语

　　没有一个题单独考四级语法，但是四级语法又渗透在我们考试的方方面面，下面就跟小编一起学习如何弄懂英语四级语法直接引语和间接引语吧，希望可以给各位分不清这种用法的考生补习一下。

　　直接引用别人的原话叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。直接引语要加引号。间接引语多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语变间接引语时，句中的人称、动词时态、指示代词、某些状语等都要视说话的实际情况作相应的变化。例如：

　　She said,“I will come this evening.”

　　She said that she would go that evening.

　　She said,“Where are you going?”

　　She asked me where I was going.

　　陈述句变为间接引语时应注意的几个问题  若直接引语是陈述句，其变间接引语时，应把直接引语变成由that引导的宾语从句。从句之前常用say、tell等动词。除了人称上相应变化外，还应注意如下几点。

　　1)主句中的动词时态如果是过去时态，直接引语中的谓语动词时态要做如下变化：

　　直接引语         间接引语

　　一般现在时       一般过去时

　　现在进行时       过去进行时

　　现在完成时       过去完成时

　　一般过去时       过去完成时

　　过去完成时       过去完成时

　　一般将来时       过去将来时

　　例如：

　　He said,“I have left my book in your room.”

　　He told me that he had left his book in my room.

　　他告诉我他把书丢在我房间里了。

　　He said,“I am busy.”

　　He said that he was busy.

　　他说他很忙。

　　Betty said,“I’ll be waiting for your call.”

　　Betty said that she would be waiting for my call.

　　贝蒡说她将等候我的电话。

　　2)在下列情况下，变间接引语时，时态不发生如上相应变化：

　　①直接引语中，如果表示过去的时间状语用来表示事态发生或存在的具体时间，变间接引语时，其谓语动词仍用一般过去时；例如：

　　Mr Brown said,“I flew to London in 1981.”

　　Mr Brown said that he flew to London in 1981.

　　②直接引语中的过去完成(进行)时，在间接引语中时态不变；例如：

　　He said,“My brother had been a worker for two years before he came here.”

　　He said that his brother had been a worker for two years before he came here

　　③间接引语中动词所表示的动作或状态说话时仍继续进行或存在时，其时态不变；例如：

　　“I am forty.”he said.

　　He said that he is forty.

　　④转述习惯性动作、客观事实或科学真理时，其时态不变；例如：

　　He said,“China is in Asia.”

　　He said that China is in Asia.

　　⑤引述动词为现在时，间接引语中的动词可保持原来时态；例如：

　　He says,“I have accepted her invitation¹.”

　　He says that he has accepted her invitation.

　　⑥如果直接引语用虚拟语气，变间接引语时，仍用原来的动词形式；例如：

　　“I insist² that you give up smoking³,”said the doctor.

　　The doctor insisted⁴ that he give up smoking.

　　⑦如果直接引语中有无过去时形式的情态动词，如must,ought to等，变间接引语时，

　　可用原来形式，也可用其他形式；例如：

　　He said,“All men must die.”

　　He said that all men must die.(表示必然)

　　He said,“You must be fond⁵ of music.”

　　He said that I must be fond of music.(表示推测)

　　⑧如果直接引语是以would like作谓语的特殊疑问句，间接引语中would like不变；

　　如果直接引语是一般疑问句，like之后接动名词或名词作宾语，间接引语中would like也不变；例如：

　　He asked,“What else would you like?”

　　He asked what else I would like.

　　He said,“Would you like a cup of tea?”

　　He asked if I would like a cup of tea.

　　⑨时间状语从句中的一般过去时或过去进行时，在间接引语中保持不变；例如：

　　John said,“When I lived in New York, I often saw Jane.”

　　John said when he lived in New York he often saw(had often seen) Jane.

　　3)直接引语变间接引语时，有关的指示代词、地点及时间状语也作如下相应改变：

　　直接引语                 间接引语

　　This                     that

　　These                    those

　　ago                      before

　　now                      then

　　today                    that day

　　tonight                  that night

　　this week(month…)        that week(month…)

　　tomorrow                 the next day; the following day

　　yesterday                the day before

　　last week(month…)        the week(month…) before

　　next week(month…)        the next week(month…);the following week

　　the day before yesterday two days before

　　the day after tomorrow   two days after

　　here                     there

　　She said,“I’ll come here again tonight.”

　　She said that she would go there that night.

　　She said,“I arrived yesterday morning.”

　　She said that she had arrived the morning before.

　　4)在特定的情况下，时间及地点状语也可不变。

　　①表示具体年、月、日。例如：

　　Mary said,“My parents arrived on April 24,1990.”

　　Mary told me that her parents arrived on April 24,1990.

　　②说话和引述正好好在同一天、同一星期或同一月。例如：

　　He said,“My brother is leaving for Hongkong tomorrow.”

　　He told me that his brother was leaving tomorrow.(说话和引述都在同一天)

　　③如果说话人所在的地点就是引述人所在的地点，那么here不再变成there。例如：

　　“I live here,”he said.

　　He said he lived there.(引述时地点改变)

　　He said he lived here.(引述时地点未变)

　　疑问句变为间接引语时应注意的几个问题

　　疑问句变为间接引语时，除了注意动词的时态、人称代词、指示代词以及时间和地点状语变化外，还要注意词序的变化。例如：

　　He asked,“Who is he?”

　　He asked who he was.

　　疑问句种类不同，变间接引语时也不同。

 

1 invitation   

n.请帖；邀请

参考例句：

• Thank you for your invitation.谢谢你的邀请。
• You didn't send me an invitation!你没送我请帖！

2 insist   

v.(on)坚持，坚决主张，强烈要求，坚决认为

参考例句：

• The tourists insist on keeping to their plan.旅行者坚持按旅行计划行事。
• Anyhow I must insist that you cannot steal.不管怎么说，你都不能偷东西。

3 smoking   

n.吸烟，抽烟；冒烟

参考例句：

• He was wise to give up smoking.他戒烟是明智的。
• He has decided to cut out smoking and drinking.他已决心戒烟、戒酒。

4 insisted   

坚持

参考例句：

• Figlio, vai anche tu a vedere spesso il sangue? -insiste' il nonno. 他爷爷继续说：“我儿，你也常去卖血？”。 来自互联网

5 fond   

adj.喜爱的，多情的，喜欢的

参考例句：

• Volleyball is a sport of which I am very fond.排球是我很喜欢的运动。
• I was fond of playing on the beach when I was young.小的时候，我喜欢在河滩上玩耍。