纸上的智慧 为什么中国人不阅读

 　　Chinese reluctance¹ to read deeply underlines the nation's recent departure from the era of subsistence and its current obsession² with affluence³.On a flight from Frankfurt to Shanghai, an Indian engineer noticed row after row of Chinese passengers deep into their iPads, playing games or watching movies. None was doing any reading.Meng Shamei, the Chinese name of this engineer, posted his or her observation online and got a tidal wave of responses, most of which corroborated⁴ his or her view.I have to admit I have not done my due diligence to verify the identity of this person. There have been frequent stories of Chinese posing as foreigners to give a semblance⁵ of objectivity to their criticism of China. The title "Harvard professor" has been used or rather, abused, so often it has turned into something of a joke.To even a casual observer, what Meng wrote was not surprising. Another posting a few years ago by a Chinese passenger noticed the difference between first class and regular class: Those sitting in first class tend to read while those in regular class play games.

　　在一架从法兰克福飞往上海的航班上，一名印度工程师发现一排又一排的中国乘客都在埋头用苹果平板电脑玩游戏或者看电影，没有人在读书。工程师的中文名叫孟莎美，他/她把所见所想发布到网上，收到无数回复，大都印证了他/她的看法。我得承认自己没有尽职调查这个人的身份。为了能更客观地批判中国，曾出现很多中国人冒充老外的故事。人们滥用“哈佛教授”的头衔，以致于它成了笑话一般。其实稍微观察下，孟莎美写的现象也见怪不怪。几年前，有个中国乘客留意到头等舱和经济舱的区别，并放到了网上：那些坐头等舱的乘客往往在阅读，而经济舱乘客在玩游戏。就我而言，最大的震惊是，对中国年轻一代影响深远的年轻作家韩寒被记者问及其阅读习惯时，他说他只看杂志。还附上了一张显示他书架上很少书的图片作证明。在我们问“为什么中国人不阅读”前，还是我来揭晓吧，这是最常见的回击“我们阅读啊，只是不像老一代那样阅读而已。我们可以通过现代玩意来更方便地阅读。”

　　For me, the biggest shock came when Han Han, the young writer with enormous influence on China's youth, was asked by a reporter about his reading habits and he answered that he read only magazines. As if to show some proof, the accompanying photo revealed very few books on his bookshelf.Before we get to "Why Chinese do not read", I'll reveal the spoiler, which is the most frequent defense⁷. "We read. We just do not read in the same way as the old generations do. We rely on modern gadgets⁸ for faster access."It is true that you cannot claim that only content on a printed page is knowledge. Anything that's printed can be displayed digitally. There are millions of books available in digital form. And true electronic books can incorporate sound and video, thus enhancing the reading experience. Print is going the way of dinosaurs⁹, many forecast. Even if they don't vanish completely, books will become a niche¹⁰ item a la long-playing records.To those who believe they can get anything and everything from the Web, I'll hereby add my two cents' worth: Yes, you can, but you won't do it. I download thousands of books, but I use them for research, a sort of personal database for specific information. I've also noticed my friends and colleagues read fiction only on their tablets. Simply because a medium is capable of something does not mean people or a significant number of them will swarm¹¹ to it for that purpose.

　　我们不能说只有纸质书上的内容才是知识。任何纸质内容都可以数字化地显示出来，无数纸质书都有电子版本。电子书还可以配上声音和视频，从而更享受阅读过程，这都没错。很多人都预测印刷业和恐龙走在同一条道上——都会逐渐消失。即使纸质书籍不会完全消，也会随着时间变成小众产品。对于那些认为可以从互联网获取任何信息的人，我想说：是的，你可以，但是你不会的。我下载了成千上万本电子书作为个人资料库用于搜索特定信息。我也发现我的朋友和同事们都只用平板电脑看小说。一个媒介具备某种功能并不代表大家会为这个功能蜂拥而来。我认为纸质工具书更易被其电子版取代，而受中国文人喜爱的散文集是最不可能被代替的。现在我不会引用关于中国人阅读量的数据。当这个的数据与前几代人或者发达国家相比显得苍白时，事实可能更悲剧。我的出版商（我和中国几家出版商有合作）告诉我中国的畅销书大多数还不足以上畅销清单。原因是：它们是教科书或者补充阅读材料，换句话说，这些书都是学生不得不读或者买的书。那我们来对比下中国和纽约时报发布的畅销书清单吧。纽约时报的清单中包含一些严肃的书籍，尤其是关于历史、名人自传，而中国的清单意义不大。在机场的书店转一圈，你会发现更加无望：几乎都是那些富人或者声称有致富秘诀的人关于如何致富的书。

　　I believe reference books are most easily replaced by their digital versions and the kind of essay collections popular among China's literati are the most unlikely to make the transition.Now, I'm not going to cite statistics about Chinese consumption of books. While they invariably paint a bleak¹² picture compared with previous generations or advanced countries, the truth could be even bleaker¹³. My publishers (I work with several publishing houses in China) told me that most of the best-sellers in China would not even make the popular list. The reason: They are textbooks or supplement reading material, in other words, books that students are forced to read, or rather, forced to buy.So, let's compare China's best-seller list with that of the New York Times. While the latter has a mix of serious books, especially about history, and celebrity¹⁴ memoirs¹⁵, the former is almost totally fluff. A walk through an airport bookstore will bring you more doom¹⁶ and gloom: mostly how-to-get-rich titles written by those who've done it or who claim to have the secret recipe.On top of that, there are buyers of books in China who decorate their rooms with wall-to-wall tomes but never bother to open the pages. As a result, a cottage industry has appeared that churns out thick volumes that have nothing between the covers, perfect for decoration.Yes, people do read in China to enrich their bank accounts, but not to enrich themselves holistically¹⁷. Sure, this is a trend, which means it does not apply to everyone. The terms "fragmentary reading" or "light reading" are efforts to encapsulate this phenomenon of a nation whose people have only recently unfettered the shackles¹⁸ of poverty and have not found the need to elevate themselves onto a higher plane of enlightenment and enrichment. Not yet.One reads classics such as Confucius' Analects or Shakespeare not to pass examinations or provide grist for the water-cooler mill, but to absorb nutrients¹⁹ from the wealth shared by humanity and to make ourselves better people.However, it would be unfair to compare the current generation with their ancestors. In antiquity²⁰, the ability to read effectively divided people into haves and have-nots. It became a channel through which a few from the disenfranchised classes moved up the social ladder. As a whole, the vast majority remained illiterate²¹. As the benefits of basic education envelop²² the entire Chinese population, the stumbling block for this most basic level of reading has been removed. Now, it's up to each individual to decide what kind of information or knowledge he or she is willing to pursue. A school or a teacher can demand that you read what is mandatory²³, but unless you design a comprehensive curriculum that incorporates the wealth-enriching and the soul-enriching, you'll probably push those "useless" books down to the bottom of your priority list.The computer age, with its unlimited²⁴ data-crunching capability²⁵, has unleashed²⁶ a treasure trove²⁷ of information. For someone long shielded from data and information, the rawness and liveliness can be spellbinding. But it takes tons of information to be distilled²⁸ into knowledge.In our society there is an undercurrent of skepticism and aversion toward knowledge, which in the old days was spoon-fed with little room left for questioning. People, therefore, want to be closer to the source and conduct their own little investigation²⁹ or analysis, which sometimes leads to new revelations. As a result, the pendulum³⁰ has swung from the end of blind acceptance of everything printed to the other end of DIY scrutiny³¹ of every piece of data. I have to say this correction was needed and will eventually balance out the weight of both information and knowledge, which tend to be embodied³² in digital and print respectively.The road from knowledge to wisdom has equally been subverted³³ by the digital revolution. The epiphanies derived³⁴ from reading Hamlet or Li Bai's poems have been displaced by 12-step programs and morsels³⁵ of wisdom that zap through cyberspace³⁶. On a positive note, they can be seen as CliffsNotes to the real thing; but this quasi-sagacity serves to lull³⁷ its readership into a false sense of enlightenment. Wisdom cannot be drummed into you through rote⁶ learning, nor can it always be boiled down to 140 characters. It has to come from learning through personal experiences or through books, which are essentially³⁸ those aspects of others' experiences that can be imparted and shared.Serious reading, on whatever platform or in whatever form, has its place in the advance of human civilization. All technological³⁹ breakthroughs, such as the audio-visual revolution of the previous generation and now the digital revolution, all serve to complement⁴⁰ it. Words as the all-powerful embodiment of human knowledge are never overrated and will never be totally replaced. More Chinese will realize their importance as the nation grows into middle-class comfort. The younger generations can afford to read books that are not utilitarian⁴¹, at least the segment not addicted⁴² to Korean soap operas and their face-lifted idols⁴³. As Francis Bacon famously said, studies can be "for delight, for ornament⁴⁴, and for ability", and "delight" should rightly include the joy of elevating oneself to a level with a higher vista⁴⁵, which, unlike a high-rise apartment, money alone cannot buy.

　　最重要的是，中国有很多人都用满墙的书架将家里装饰得像个书香世家，但是却很少翻几页书。所以，制作砖头书的家庭手工业出现了，砖头书只有封面，没有内容，最合适装饰。是的，中国人会通过读书来使银行账户充实，但是却没有让自己全面地丰盈起来。当然，这只是一种趋势，并不适用于任何一个人。“碎片阅读”或者“轻阅读”这样的词浓缩了中国这样一种现象——刚脱离贫困走上小康的人们觉得没必要把自己提升到一个更具启蒙性的阶段。还没必要。读孔子的《论语》或者莎士比亚的著作不是为了通过考试或者任何实际用途，而是为了从人文财富中吸收营养，使自己变得更好。然而，把现代人与先人对比是不公平的。在古代，读书的能力把人们分成了贫富两个阶级。被剥削者中的少数人通过读书爬上更高的社会阶级。总体上，大多数人还是目不识丁。随着整个中华民族都可以享受到基础教育，读书认字最基本的绊脚石已经不存在了。而现在取决于每个人愿意获得什么信息或者知识。学校或者老师可以要求你阅读必须读的材料，但是除非课程结合了物质财富和精神财富两方面，否则你很有可能会忽视那些“没用”的书。计算机时代拥有无穷无尽的数据和宝贵的信息。对于长期信息封闭的人来说，计算机时代的新鲜感和活力充满诱惑。但是要无数的信息才能提炼成知识。如今的社会充斥着一种对知识的厌恶和怀疑论，然而在过去，人们毫不犹豫地汲取知识。大家都想跟接近知识的源头，再加上自己一些小调查或者分析，有时能有新的启示。因此，社会出现两种极化现象，一种是尽信书，一种是亲自核查每一个数据。我想说，我们需要纠正，并最终在无论是数据化还是纸质的信息与知识间平衡。知识转化到智慧的道路同样被数字化革命颠覆了。阅读哈姆雷特或者李白诗集的顿悟被充斥网络的12步获得智慧课程代替。好的一面是，它们可以作为货真价实书籍的导读，但这种类智慧误导读者进入一种错误的启发感。智慧是不可以通过机械阅读来灌输的，也不总是可以归结成140个字。它必须通过个人经历或者书籍获得，也就是他人那些“可以借鉴和分享的经历”。深入阅读，无论是通过哪种平台或者形式，都在人类文明发展史上扮演着不可或缺的地位。所有的技术突破，例如上一代的视听革命和当代的数字革命，都是为了起到补充的作用。作为人类知识一个全能的体现——文字的作用永远不会被夸大，也永远不会被完全代替。随着中国发展到中产阶级阶段，越来越多的中国人会意识到文字的重要性，年轻一代也会读那些非功利性的书籍，至少那部分没有沉迷韩剧和整容偶像的人会读。正如弗兰西斯·培根的名言，读书“足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才”，“怡情”应该包含提升自我至一个更高视野的喜悦，而这是仅用金钱就可以买到的高层公寓远远不及的。

1 reluctance   

n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿

参考例句：

• The police released Andrew with reluctance.警方勉强把安德鲁放走了。
• He showed the greatest reluctance to make a reply.他表示很不愿意答复。

2 obsession   

n.困扰，无法摆脱的思想(或情感)

参考例句：

• I was suffering from obsession that my career would be ended.那时的我陷入了我的事业有可能就此终止的困扰当中。
• She would try to forget her obsession with Christopher.她会努力忘记对克里斯托弗的迷恋。

3 affluence   

n.充裕，富足

参考例句：

• Their affluence is more apparent than real.他们的富有是虚有其表。
• There is a lot of affluence in this part of the state because it has many businesses.这个州的这一部分相当富有，因为它有很多商行。

4 corroborated   

v.证实，支持（某种说法、信仰、理论等）( corroborate的过去式 )

参考例句：

• The evidence was corroborated by two independent witnesses. 此证据由两名独立证人提供。
• Experiments have corroborated her predictions. 实验证实了她的预言。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 semblance   

n.外貌，外表

参考例句：

• Her semblance of anger frightened the children.她生气的样子使孩子们感到害怕。
• Those clouds have the semblance of a large head.那些云的形状像一个巨大的人头。

6 rote   

n.死记硬背，生搬硬套

参考例句：

• Learning by rote is discouraged in this school.这所学校不鼓励死记硬背的学习方式。
• He recited the poem by rote.他强记背诵了这首诗。

7 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

8 gadgets   

n.小机械，小器具（ gadget的名词复数 ）

参考例句：

• Certainly. The idea is not to have a house full of gadgets. 当然。设想是房屋不再充满小配件。 来自超越目标英语 第4册
• This meant more gadgets and more experiments. 这意味着要设计出更多的装置，做更多的实验。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史

9 dinosaurs   

n.恐龙( dinosaur的名词复数 )；守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西

参考例句：

• The brontosaurus was one of the largest of all dinosaurs. 雷龙是所有恐龙中最大的一种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. 恐龙绝种已有几百万年了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 niche   

n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等)

参考例句：

• Madeleine placed it carefully in the rocky niche. 玛德琳小心翼翼地把它放在岩石壁龛里。
• The really talented among women would always make their own niche.妇女中真正有才能的人总是各得其所。

11 swarm   

n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入

参考例句：

• There is a swarm of bees in the tree.这树上有一窝蜜蜂。
• A swarm of ants are moving busily.一群蚂蚁正在忙碌地搬家。

12 bleak   

adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的

参考例句：

• They showed me into a bleak waiting room.他们引我来到一间阴冷的会客室。
• The company's prospects look pretty bleak.这家公司的前景异常暗淡。

13 bleaker   

阴冷的( bleak的比较级 )； （状况）无望的； 没有希望的； 光秃的

参考例句：

• Horoscopes are merely harmless escapism from an ever-bleaker world. 占星术只不过是让人逃避越发令人沮丧的世界的无害消遣罢了。
• On the ground the mood is bleaker. 具体形势更加严峻。

14 celebrity   

n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望

参考例句：

• Tom found himself something of a celebrity. 汤姆意识到自己已小有名气了。
• He haunted famous men, hoping to get celebrity for himself. 他常和名人在一起, 希望借此使自己获得名气。

15 memoirs   

n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数)

参考例句：

• Her memoirs were ghostwritten. 她的回忆录是由别人代写的。
• I watched a trailer for the screenplay of his memoirs. 我看过以他的回忆录改编成电影的预告片。 来自《简明英汉词典》

16 doom   

n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定

参考例句：

• The report on our economic situation is full of doom and gloom.这份关于我们经济状况的报告充满了令人绝望和沮丧的调子。
• The dictator met his doom after ten years of rule.独裁者统治了十年终于完蛋了。

17 holistically   

adv.holistic（整体的，全盘的）的副词形式

参考例句：

• Menu items and dialogs, when they are translated, to be considered holistically. 在翻译菜单项和对话框时，需要全盘考虑，确保翻译的界面保持整体的一致性很重要。 来自互联网
• If we examine this entity holistically, we can discover how incredible it really is. 如果我们整体检查这实体，我们可以发现它真的是多么让人难以置信。 来自互联网

18 shackles   

手铐( shackle的名词复数 )； 脚镣； 束缚； 羁绊

参考例句：

• a country struggling to free itself from the shackles of colonialism 为摆脱殖民主义的枷锁而斗争的国家
• The cars of the train are coupled together by shackles. 火车的车厢是用钩链连接起来的。

19 nutrients   

n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》

20 antiquity   

n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹

参考例句：

• The museum contains the remains of Chinese antiquity.博物馆藏有中国古代的遗物。
• There are many legends about the heroes of antiquity.有许多关于古代英雄的传说。

21 illiterate   

adj.文盲的；无知的；n.文盲

参考例句：

• There are still many illiterate people in our country.在我国还有许多文盲。
• I was an illiterate in the old society,but now I can read.我这个旧社会的文盲，今天也认字了。

22 envelop   

vt.包，封，遮盖；包围

参考例句：

• All combine to form a layer of mist to envelop this region.织成一层烟雾又笼罩着这个地区。
• The dust cloud will envelop the planet within weeks.产生的尘云将会笼罩整个星球长达几周。

23 mandatory   

adj.命令的；强制的；义务的；n.受托者

参考例句：

• It's mandatory to pay taxes.缴税是义务性的。
• There is no mandatory paid annual leave in the U.S.美国没有强制带薪年假。

24 unlimited   

adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的

参考例句：

• They flew over the unlimited reaches of the Arctic.他们飞过了茫茫无边的北极上空。
• There is no safety in unlimited technological hubris.在技术方面自以为是会很危险。

25 capability   

n.能力；才能；(pl)可发展的能力或特性等

参考例句：

• She has the capability to become a very fine actress.她有潜力成为杰出演员。
• Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability.组织整个部门是他能力以外的事。

26 unleashed   

v.把（感情、力量等）释放出来，发泄( unleash的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The government's proposals unleashed a storm of protest in the press. 政府的提案引发了新闻界的抗议浪潮。
• The full force of his rage was unleashed against me. 他把所有的怒气都发泄在我身上。 来自《简明英汉词典》

27 trove   

n.被发现的东西，收藏的东西

参考例句：

• He assembled a rich trove of Chinese porcelain.他收集了一批中国瓷器。
• The gallery is a treasure trove of medieval art.这个画廊是中世纪艺术的宝库。

28 distilled   

adj.由蒸馏得来的v.蒸馏( distil的过去式和过去分词 )；从…提取精华

参考例句：

• The televised interview was distilled from 16 hours of film. 那次电视采访是从16个小时的影片中选出的精华。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Gasoline is distilled from crude oil. 汽油是从原油中提炼出来的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

29 investigation   

n.调查，调查研究

参考例句：

• In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
• He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。

30 pendulum   

n.摆，钟摆

参考例句：

• The pendulum swung slowly to and fro.钟摆在慢慢地来回摆动。
• He accidentally found that the desk clock did not swing its pendulum.他无意中发现座钟不摇摆了。

31 scrutiny   

n.详细检查，仔细观察

参考例句：

• His work looks all right,but it will not bear scrutiny.他的工作似乎很好，但是经不起仔细检查。
• Few wives in their forties can weather such a scrutiny.很少年过四十的妻子经得起这么仔细的观察。

32 embodied   

v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含

参考例句：

• a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth 代表黑人青年希望的政治家
• The heroic deeds of him embodied the glorious tradition of the troops. 他的英雄事迹体现了军队的光荣传统。 来自《简明英汉词典》

33 subverted   

v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠

参考例句：

• Their wills could be subverted only by death. 只有死神才能使他们放弃他们的意志。 来自教父部分
• Indiana State laws deliberately subverted the intent of the constitutions 14th Amendment. 印第安纳州的法律有意歪曲联邦宪法第十四条修正案的愿意。 来自辞典例句

34 derived   

vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取

参考例句：

• Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》

35 morsels   

n.一口( morsel的名词复数 )；（尤指食物）小块，碎屑

参考例句：

• They are the most delicate morsels. 这些确是最好吃的部分。 来自辞典例句
• Foxes will scratch up grass to find tasty bug and beetle morsels. 狐狸会挖草地，寻找美味的虫子和甲壳虫。 来自互联网

36 cyberspace   

n.虚拟信息空间，网络空间，计算机化世界

参考例句：

• She travels in cyberspace by sending messages to friends around the world.她利用电子空间给世界各地的朋友们发送信件。
• The teens spend more time in cyberspace than in the real world of friends and family.青少年花费在电脑上的时间比他们和真正的朋友及家人在一起的时间要多。

37 lull   

v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇

参考例句：

• The drug put Simpson in a lull for thirty minutes.药物使辛普森安静了30分钟。
• Ground fighting flared up again after a two-week lull.经过两个星期的平静之后，地面战又突然爆发了。

38 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

39 technological   

adj.技术的；工艺的

参考例句：

• A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
• Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今， 随着科技进步，生活节奏不断增快。

40 complement   

n.补足物，船上的定员；补语；vt.补充，补足

参考例句：

• The two suggestions complement each other.这两条建议相互补充。
• They oppose each other also complement each other.它们相辅相成。

41 utilitarian   

adj.实用的，功利的

参考例句：

• On the utilitarian side American education has outstridden the rest of the world.在实用方面美国教育已超越世界各国。
• A good cloth coat is more utilitarian than a fur one.一件优质的布外衣要比一件毛皮外衣更有用。

42 addicted   

adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的

参考例句：

• He was addicted to heroin at the age of 17.他17岁的时候对海洛因上了瘾。
• She's become addicted to love stories.她迷上了爱情小说。

43 idols   

偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像

参考例句：

• The genii will give evidence against those who have worshipped idols. 魔怪将提供证据来反对那些崇拜偶像的人。 来自英汉非文学 - 文明史
• Teenagers are very sequacious and they often emulate the behavior of their idols. 青少年非常盲从，经常模仿他们的偶像的行为。

44 ornament   

v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物

参考例句：

• The flowers were put on the table for ornament.花放在桌子上做装饰用。
• She wears a crystal ornament on her chest.她的前胸戴了一个水晶饰品。

45 vista   

n.远景，深景，展望，回想

参考例句：

• From my bedroom window I looked out on a crowded vista of hills and rooftops.我从卧室窗口望去，远处尽是连绵的山峦和屋顶。
• These uprisings come from desperation and a vista of a future without hope.发生这些暴动是因为人们被逼上了绝路，未来看不到一点儿希望。