希特勒轶著(Hitler's secret book)

Mein Kampf is the one book title by which Adolf Hitler is known. But he wrote a second book, one that was never published...

阿道夫.希特勒的《我的奋斗》已是广为人知。但你知道吗？他还有一本从未公开出版过的书……

After January 1933, Adolf Hitler wrote little: apart from a few brief memoranda〔备忘录、便签〕 dealing¹ with specific issues, the Four Year Plan memorandum² of 1936 and his political testament〔遗嘱〕 of 1945 were the only substantial statements. Before 1933, by contrast, he was a prolific〔多产的〕 author. There were numerous articles for the Nazi³ party newspaper, the V?lkischer Beobachter, the two volumes of Mein Kampf, as well as the so-called Second Book. This work was never published in Hitler’s lifetime; its manuscript was discovered after the war in the captured German archives〔档案、公文〕 by Gerhard L. Weinberg, and published in Germany in 1961. An English edition appeared in the same year in a poor translation and inadequately〔不适当地〕 edited under the title Hitler’s Secret Book. The present volume is a new and excellent translation by Krista Smith, thoroughly⁴ edited by Professor Weinberg.

1933年1月以后，希特勒著作甚少，除了1936年的四年工作计划备忘录以及1945年的政治遗嘱外，其他的只是关于一些特殊问题的处理的便签。相较而言，1933年之前，他算是一名多产的作者。他在纳粹党的报纸上发表了很多文章，包括“V?lkischer Beobachter”，两卷本的《我的奋斗》，还有所谓的“Second Book”。其中，“Second Book”一书在希特勒的有生之年一直未发表，此书的原稿由Gerhard L. Weinberg在战后所缴获的纳粹党档案中找到，并于1961年在德国出版。同年，此书的一本名为“希特勒轶著”的英译本也出现了，该译本言辞晦涩，版本也很差。

The book raises three questions: Why did Hitler write it? What, if anything, does it reveal〔揭示〕 about him and his future actions? Why did he not publish it? The answer to the first question lies in the date of its composition. Weinberg has succeeded in dating the manuscript incontrovertibly〔无疑地〕 to late June and early July 1928. In May, the Nazis⁵ had fought a general election in which, despite a few local successes, it had won only 2.8 percent of the vote. During the last days of the campaign, the Party’s opponents had exploited the issue of South Tyrol〔蒂罗尔〕, which had been exciting the German public during the first months of 1928 and on which the Nazis took an unpopular line.

本书提出了三个问题：希特勒为什么要写“Second Book”一书？关于他本人及他后来的行为，该书有无透露给我们什么？他为什么没有公开发表此书呢？第一个问题的答案取决于他写此书的时期。Weinberg已成功推断出该原稿完成于1928年6月末到7月初，这是毫无疑义的。1928年5月，纳粹党人参加了一场大选。此次大选，他们虽然取得了一些局部的成功，但最终只赢得了2.8％的选票。因为在选举的后期，他们的对手挖出了当年头几个月备受德国公众瞩目的“南蒂罗尔”问题，而不幸的是，纳粹党人在这个问题上大失民心。

South Tyrol had been awarded to Italy under the Treaty〔条约〕 of St-Germain in 1919 and in February 1928 the Mussolini Government had introduced the Italian language into religious education in the province, thereby⁶ prompting a war of words with Austria, and also arousing the German press and public opinion. Ever since 1922, Hitler had consistently expressed the view in public that South Tyrol should, if necessary, be sacrificed in the interests of the more pressing〔紧迫的〕 need of gaining Italy as an ally against France. He was fully⁷ aware of the unpopularity of this view across the political spectrum⁸. However, significantly, he was not prepared to compromise for electoral purposes on an issue he regarded as central to his whole foreign policy, despite the fact that, at that stage, there was no realistic prospect⁹ of his ever having to conduct a foreign policy.

1919年的“St-Germain”条约将南蒂罗尔地区划给了意大利，1928年，墨索里尼政府要求该省的宗教教学使用意大利语，这导致了奥地利国内的“文字战争”，也引起了德国公众、新闻界、出版界的注意。早在1922年，希特勒就一直向公众表达他的观点：为了对抗法国，德国紧迫地需要意大利作为盟国，如果必须的话，牺牲南蒂罗尔地区是值得的。他完全明了这一观点在政界是不会得到支持的。但值得注意的是，他并不准备为了赢得选举而在这一问题上妥协，尤其这一问题是他整个外交政策的核心，虽然当时他主持外交政策的前景渺茫，甚至可以说毫无希望。

Nevertheless[不过], he was clearly【无疑地】 intensely frustrated¹⁰ by the fact that his stance〔姿态〕 alienated¹¹ potential nationalist supporters on the Right, while enabling opponents on the Left to parade【炫耀】 themselves as patriots¹² defending the ethnic¹³ Germans of South Tyrol and to accuse him and his Party of betraying them. Indeed, during the election he was even accused by Socialists¹⁵ of receiving money from Mussolini, a charge that he successfully contested in the courts. His frustration¹⁶ emerges in the Second Book in his attacks on the “nationalist bourgeoisie〔资产阶级〕” and the hypocrisy〔伪善〕 of the Left. In 1926 Hitler had already published the chapter in Mein Kampf dealing with alliance policy under the title “The South Tyrolean〔蒂罗尔区的〕 Question and the German Alliance Problem”. However, the events of early 1928 clearly persuaded him of the need to publish a more substantial defence of his position.

然而，他无疑受到极大的挫败。一方面，他的论调、他的姿态 使右派中那些可能支持他的民族主义者们疏远了；另一方面，他的对手――左派，此时更以南蒂罗尔地区德国种族的保卫者自居，并大肆炫耀他们的爱国主义，不仅如此，他们还指控希特勒及他的政党背叛了南蒂罗尔人。事实上，在1928年的选举中，他甚至被社会党人指控收受墨索里尼贿赂，当然这项指控在法庭上被希特勒成功驳回。在“Second Book”一书中，他批评了“民族主义资产阶级”，讽刺了左派的伪善，这些都显示出他当时的挫败感。1926年，他在已出版的“Mein Kampf”一书中就以一章专门论述了德国的同盟政策问题，标题为“南蒂罗尔地区及德国同盟问题”。但是，1928年初的事件无疑劝他公开发表更有分量的文字来为他的立场辩护，

The Second Book is essentially【本质上】 an elaboration〔详尽的细节〕 of the foreign policy ideas outlined【略述】 in Chapter Four of Volume One and Chapters Thirteen and Fourteen of Volume Two of Mein Kampf, with a particular focus on South Tyrol. Beginning with a restatement〔重申〕 of the principles【原则】 of Hitler’s world view, it contains a comprehensive【全面的、广泛的】 critique〔批评〕of, and alternative to, the foreign policies pursued【从事】 by Germany since 1890. Its value lies partly in demonstrating the consistency¹⁷ with which Hitler stuck to his basic ideological〔意识形态的〕 precepts〔规则〕. However, in the course of his exposition【说明】 Hitler introduces significant new arguments, notably【显著地】 in relation to the United States, Europe, and, above all, the most crucial〔至关紧要〕 area of his foreign policy, relations with Britain, arguments which he had been developing in speeches and articles during 1926-8.

“Second Book”一书实际上是对他的外交政策思想的阐述，而这些观点早在《我的奋斗》一书的第一卷第四章及第二卷的第十三、十四中略有论及，其焦点均在南蒂罗尔问题上。在此书的开头，希特勒重申了他的世界观原则，在书中，他对德国自从1890年开始所采取的外交政策做了全方位的批评。一定程度上，该书的价值在于它论证了希特勒所坚持的基本意识形态的原则的一致性。但是在进行说明的过程中，他又引入了重要的论点，考虑到美国、欧洲，最重要的是外交政策方面，与英国的关系。关于这一点，在1926－1928年间，他发表了大量的演说和论文

Hitler worked on【继续工作、设法说服、影响】 the premiss【前提】 provided by the geographer¹⁸, Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904), and developed by the geopolitician【地缘政治家】, Karl Haus-hofer, that nations need “living space” (Lebensraum) if they are not to decline, a notion that had become part of the pre-1914 Pan German agenda, and also on the assumption that France represented an irreconcilable¹⁹ opponent of German expansion. In Mein Kampf he had argued that, before 1914, Germany was confronted by two alternatives: either a policy of world trade, colonies and a large fleet or, and this was Hitler’s preferred option, the acquisition of territory in Europe at the expense of Russia. To pursue either of these strategies Germany required allies. The first alternative inevitably²⁰ involved confrontation²¹ with Britain, and so necessitated²² an alliance with Russia and hence the abandonment of Germany’s existing alliance with Austria; the second required an alliance with Britain. “No sacrifice”, Hitler claimed, “should have been too great for winning England’s willingness. We should have renounced²³ colonies and sea power and spared English industry our competition.” In practice, Germany followed the first strategy without abandoning the alliance with Austria and so fell between all the stools, alienating²⁴ Russia and Italy as well as Britain, while France remained an enemy in any event.

由地理学家Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904)提出并由地缘政治学家Karl Haus-hofer进一步发展的“生存空间”学说以及认为法国是德国在扩张进程中不可协调的对手的这一观点，构成了希特勒行动的基础。“生存空间”学说认为，一个国家、民族若要繁荣昌盛，就需要向外扩充版图，这个观点早在1914年以前就成为泛德议程的一部分。在《我的奋斗》一书中，他认为，1914年以前，德国面临两个抉择：第一，进行世界贸易、殖民，并建立一支强大的海上舰队；第二，以牺牲与俄国的友好关系为代价，大力扩张在欧洲的版图，这也是希特勒所倾向的选择。要实施这两个策略中的任何一个，德国都需要盟国。若选择第一个，德国将不可避免地面对英国，因而与俄国结盟成为必需，并将不得不放弃与奥地利的同盟关系。若选择第二条路，则将与英国结盟。对此，希特勒宣称，“为了赢得英国的‘芳心’，我们在所不惜，我们早就应该放弃殖民地和海军，通过我们的竞争进入英国的工业界。”事实上，德国走的是第一条路，但却未与奥地利断绝关系因此，他陷入了一种两边不讨好的境地，既疏远了俄国、意大利和英国，有丝毫未改善与法国的关系——法国仍是它的敌人。

In Mein Kampf Hitler described Germany’s post-1918 diplomatic/strategic situation as in many respects similar to that of pre-1914: France remained the irreconcilable opponent, Russia the preferred “living space”, and Italy and Britain the desirable allies. Moreover, his strategy appeared even more appropriate than it would have been before 1914; the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, for which he blamed the Jews, added a new dimension to the desirability of the move against Russia, while the replacement²⁵ of Austria-Hungary by a group of new nations linked to France reinforced the need for the alliances with Italy and Britain. Furthermore, Hitler believed that the post-war situation had improved Germany’s prospects²⁶, in that France’s quasi-hegemonic position in post-war Europe would make Italy and Britain more sympathetic to an alliance with Germany.

在Mein Kampf一书中，希特勒将1918年后的德国外交形势与1914年前的作了比较，认为两者在很多方面存在相似之处：同法国之间仍存在不可调和的矛盾；俄国仍是它的“生存空间”，而意大利和英国仍是其合意的盟国。此外，他的政策比1914年前更加适合了。他指责犹太人发起的恶果是余额革命，这使得他更加强烈的希望发起一场反俄运动；同时，附属于法国的几个新的国家取代奥匈帝国更增强了他与意大利、英国结盟的愿望。不仅如此，希特勒还相信，战后的形势有利于德国的发展壮大，因为在战后的欧洲，法国的准霸权地位将促成意大利和英国与德国结盟。

In the Second Book he reinforced these arguments by pointing out that Italy’s need for space because of its lack of natural resources did not conflict with German interests, whereas it did with those of France. For “what the Mediterranean²⁷ Sea is for Italy the eastern shore of the Baltic is for Germany”. Thus, South Tyrol must be sacrificed for an alliance with Italy against France, whose defeat would open the way to living space in the East. At the same time, he argued that the appeal of a German alliance to Britain would be reinforced by the threat posed by the recent rise of the United States. And, apart from its importance as a confirmation²⁸ of the consistency of Hitler’s basic views and objectives, it is in these two areas - Hitler’s views on the United States and on Germany’s relations with Britain - that the main significance of his Second Book lies.

在Second Book一书中，他强调了这些观点，并指出，意大利需要“空间”，因为它缺乏自然资源，这一形势虽与法国的利益冲突，但与德国的利益并不矛盾。两者风马牛不相及，就好像“地中海属于意大利而波罗的海东岸属于德国”。因而，为了寻求意大利的帮助来对抗法国，牺牲南蒂罗尔是值得的。因为法国如果摆了，德国和意大利将打开一条通往东方的道路，获得更大的“生存空间”。同时，他也论述了近来美国的崛起将形成不小的威胁，从而促成英国与德国的结盟。这本书的重要性不仅在于它证实了希特勒的政治观点的一贯性，更重要的在于它展示了希特勒对美国的认识以及对德英关系的见解。

In Mein Kampf Hitler had described the US as a “giant state” and saw its rise as a threat to Britain. Now, in the Second Book, he claimed that “with the American Union a new power factor has emerged on a scale that threatens to nullify all the previous state power relationships and hierarchies²⁹”. Arguing that emigration had represented a form of selection of the fittest, Hitler claimed that this “menacing American hegemonic position” was “determined³⁰ primarily by the quality of the American people and only secondarily by its Lebensraum”. This view of the American people from 1928 was very different from Hitler’s opinion on January 7, 1942, when he told his entourage: “I don’t see much future for the Americans. In my view it’s a decayed country . . . everything about the behaviour of American society reveals that it’s half judaized and the other half negrified”.

在《我的奋斗》一书中，希特勒将美国描述成一个“巨人般的国家”，认为它的出现并壮大将会对英国造成威胁，而现在，在Second Book一书中，他宣称，“随着美国的出现，一个新的权力因子出现了。在某种程度上，它将使以前所建立起来的各国家间的权力关系及结构层次系统毁灭。”他提到，这个移民国家代表了一种“最佳的选择形式”；认为这个“极具威胁性的美国霸权”的形成主要是由美国人的“质量”决定的，其次才由它的“生存空间”决定。他在1928年对美国人民的看法与1942年1月7日他通其随从的谈话中所反映的观点大相径庭，他说：“美国社会的一切行为揭示了他的半犹太化及另一半的negrified”.

Hitler then addressed the question of how the threat of the United States’ “menacing hegemonic position” could be met. He poured scorn on the attempt by the founder³¹ of the Pan European Union, the Austrian Count Coudenhove-Kalergi, to create a united Europe “through a purely³² formal union of European peoples”. Since the US’s position was determined primarily by the quality of its people, it could not be seriously challenged by “a pacifist, democratic, pan European muddled³³ state”. Such a union would lead to “an entity³⁴ whose entire strength and energy would be absorbed by internal rivalries³⁵”, like the German Confederation of 1815-66. Hitler claimed that lasting³⁶ unions could only occur when the nations involved were of equal racial quality and related, and when the union took the form of a slow struggle for hegemony with one state emerging as dominant³⁷, as occurred with Prussia in Germany. This would take centuries and lead to a very different union to that envisaged³⁸ by the Pan European Union. Moreover, the final achievement “would signify the racial decline of its founders³⁹”, presumably as a result of racial mixing. Instead of such a “utopia”, Hitler argued that the only state that would “be able to stand up to North America” would be the one that had managed “to raise the racial value of its people”. He then asserted that it was “the duty of the National Socialist¹⁴ movement to strengthen and prepare our own fatherland to the greatest degree possible for this task”, his first mention of the United States as a future opponent.

不久，他在一次演说中谈到美国的“威胁性霸主地位”，他对试图建立的欧洲联盟极为不屑，对其创办者试图通过由纯粹的欧洲人形成的刻板的联盟不以为然。因为美国的世界霸主地位主要是由美国人的素质决定的，而一个由“热爱和平和民主的欧洲国家混合而成的联盟”不可能对其造成大的威胁。这样的一个联盟，它的能量最终必将被其内部的竞争消耗殆尽，就像1815-1866年间的德意志联邦一样。希特勒认为，一个生命力长久的联邦只有当其各成员国、民族具有相同的种族，且在该联邦内经过缓慢的斗争，最终出现一个居于统治地位的国家（就像德意志联邦的普鲁士一样）时，这个联邦才能存在。这一过程需要数个世纪，并将形成一个与泛欧盟迥异的联邦，而最终的成功必会导致该创始者种族的倒退，结果很可能使人种的杂合。但希特勒认为，足以与北美相抗衡的不会是这样一个“乌托邦”，而是一个成功提高了该国人民种族价值的国家。不久他便断言这是民族社会主义运动的责任，这是他第一次把美国作为德国未来的对手提出。

1 dealing   

n.经商方法，待人态度

参考例句：

• This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
• His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。

2 memorandum   

n.备忘录，便笺

参考例句：

• The memorandum was dated 23 August,2008.备忘录上注明的日期是2008年8月23日。
• The Secretary notes down the date of the meeting in her memorandum book.秘书把会议日期都写在记事本上。

3 Nazi   

n.纳粹分子，adj.纳粹党的，纳粹的

参考例句：

• They declare the Nazi regime overthrown and sue for peace.他们宣布纳粹政权已被推翻，并出面求和。
• Nazi closes those war criminals inside their concentration camp.纳粹把那些战犯关在他们的集中营里。

4 thoroughly   

adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地

参考例句：

• The soil must be thoroughly turned over before planting.一定要先把土地深翻一遍再下种。
• The soldiers have been thoroughly instructed in the care of their weapons.士兵们都系统地接受过保护武器的训练。

5 Nazis   

n.（德国的）纳粹党员( Nazi的名词复数 )；纳粹主义

参考例句：

• The Nazis worked them over with gun butts. 纳粹分子用枪托毒打他们。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Nazis were responsible for the mass murder of Jews during World War Ⅱ. 纳粹必须为第二次世界大战中对犹太人的大屠杀负责。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 thereby   

adv.因此，从而

参考例句：

• I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
• He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。

7 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

8 spectrum   

n.谱，光谱，频谱；范围，幅度，系列

参考例句：

• This is a kind of atomic spectrum.这是一种原子光谱。
• We have known much of the constitution of the solar spectrum.关于太阳光谱的构成，我们已了解不少。

9 prospect   

n.前景，前途；景色，视野

参考例句：

• This state of things holds out a cheerful prospect.事态呈现出可喜的前景。
• The prospect became more evident.前景变得更加明朗了。

10 frustrated   

adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧

参考例句：

• It's very easy to get frustrated in this job. 这个工作很容易令人懊恼。
• The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out. 恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 alienated   

adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等）

参考例句：

• His comments have alienated a lot of young voters. 他的言论使许多年轻选民离他而去。
• The Prime Minister's policy alienated many of her followers. 首相的政策使很多拥护她的人疏远了她。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 patriots   

爱国者，爱国主义者( patriot的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Abraham Lincoln was a fine type of the American patriots. 亚伯拉罕·林肯是美国爱国者的优秀典型。
• These patriots would fight to death before they surrendered. 这些爱国者宁愿战斗到死，也不愿投降。

13 ethnic   

adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的

参考例句：

• This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏，这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
• The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。

14 socialist   

n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的

参考例句：

• China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家，也是一个发展中国家。
• His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。

15 socialists   

社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The socialists saw themselves as true heirs of the Enlightenment. 社会主义者认为自己是启蒙运动的真正继承者。
• The Socialists junked dogma when they came to office in 1982. 社会党人1982年上台执政后，就把其政治信条弃之不顾。

16 frustration   

n.挫折，失败，失效，落空

参考例句：

• He had to fight back tears of frustration.他不得不强忍住失意的泪水。
• He beat his hands on the steering wheel in frustration.他沮丧地用手打了几下方向盘。

17 consistency   

n.一贯性，前后一致，稳定性；(液体的)浓度

参考例句：

• Your behaviour lacks consistency.你的行为缺乏一贯性。
• We appreciate the consistency and stability in China and in Chinese politics.我们赞赏中国及其政策的连续性和稳定性。

18 geographer   

n.地理学者

参考例句：

• His grandfather is a geographer.他的祖父是一位地理学家。
• Li Siguang is a famous geographer.李四光是一位著名的地理学家。

19 irreconcilable   

adj.（指人）难和解的，势不两立的

参考例句：

• These practices are irreconcilable with the law of the Church.这种做法与教规是相悖的。
• These old concepts are irreconcilable with modern life.这些陈旧的观念与现代生活格格不入。

20 inevitably   

adv.不可避免地；必然发生地

参考例句：

• In the way you go on,you are inevitably coming apart.照你们这样下去，毫无疑问是会散伙的。
• Technological changes will inevitably lead to unemployment.技术变革必然会导致失业。

21 confrontation   

n.对抗，对峙，冲突

参考例句：

• We can't risk another confrontation with the union.我们不能冒再次同工会对抗的危险。
• After years of confrontation,they finally have achieved a modus vivendi.在对抗很长时间后，他们最后达成安宁生存的非正式协议。

22 necessitated   

使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Recent financial scandals have necessitated changes in parliamentary procedures. 最近的金融丑闻使得议会程序必须改革。
• No man is necessitated to do wrong. 没有人是被迫去作错事的。

23 renounced   

v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃

参考例句：

• We have renounced the use of force to settle our disputes. 我们已再次宣布放弃使用武力来解决争端。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Andrew renounced his claim to the property. 安德鲁放弃了财产的所有权。 来自《简明英汉词典》

24 alienating   

v.使疏远( alienate的现在分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等）

参考例句：

• The phenomena of alienation are widespread. Sports are also alienating. 异化现象普遍存在，体育运动也不例外。 来自互联网
• How can you appeal to them without alienating the mainstream crowd? 你是怎么在不疏忽主流玩家的情况下吸引住他们呢？ 来自互联网

25 replacement   

n.取代，替换，交换；替代品，代用品

参考例句：

• We are hard put to find a replacement for our assistant.我们很难找到一个人来代替我们的助手。
• They put all the students through the replacement examination.他们让所有的学生参加分班考试。

26 prospects   

n.希望，前途(恒为复数)

参考例句：

• There is a mood of pessimism in the company about future job prospects. 公司中有一种对工作前景悲观的情绪。
• They are less sanguine about the company's long-term prospects. 他们对公司的远景不那么乐观。

27 Mediterranean   

adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的

参考例句：

• The houses are Mediterranean in character.这些房子都属地中海风格。
• Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean.直布罗陀是地中海的要冲。

28 confirmation   

n.证实，确认，批准

参考例句：

• We are waiting for confirmation of the news.我们正在等待证实那个消息。
• We need confirmation in writing before we can send your order out.给你们发送订购的货物之前，我们需要书面确认。

29 hierarchies   

等级制度( hierarchy的名词复数 )； 统治集团； 领导层； 层次体系

参考例句：

• That's a trip of two hierarchies. 那是两个领导层之间的互访。
• Hierarchies of authority, spans of control, long-range plans, and budgets. 等级森严的权力机构，控制范围，长期计划，预算。 来自英汉文学 - 廊桥遗梦

30 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

31 Founder   

n.创始者，缔造者

参考例句：

• He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
• According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说，罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。

32 purely   

adv.纯粹地，完全地

参考例句：

• I helped him purely and simply out of friendship.我帮他纯粹是出于友情。
• This disproves the theory that children are purely imitative.这证明认为儿童只会单纯地模仿的理论是站不住脚的。

33 muddled   

adj.混乱的；糊涂的；头脑昏昏然的v.弄乱，弄糟( muddle的过去式)；使糊涂；对付，混日子

参考例句：

• He gets muddled when the teacher starts shouting. 老师一喊叫他就心烦意乱。
• I got muddled up and took the wrong turning. 我稀里糊涂地拐错了弯。 来自《简明英汉词典》

34 entity   

n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物

参考例句：

• The country is no longer one political entity.这个国家不再是一个统一的政治实体了。
• As a separate legal entity,the corporation must pay taxes.作为一个独立的法律实体，公司必须纳税。

35 rivalries   

n.敌对，竞争，对抗( rivalry的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The new government was torn by rivalries. 新政府由于各派对立而四分五裂。 来自辞典例句
• Rivalries could bring about pain and hatred or give rise to fighting. 竞争会带来痛苦、仇恨，或者引起争斗。 来自互联网

36 lasting   

adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持

参考例句：

• The lasting war debased the value of the dollar.持久的战争使美元贬值。
• We hope for a lasting settlement of all these troubles.我们希望这些纠纷能获得永久的解决。

37 dominant   

adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因

参考例句：

• The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
• She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。

38 envisaged   

想像，设想( envisage的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He envisaged an old age of loneliness and poverty. 他面对着一个孤独而贫困的晚年。
• Henry Ford envisaged an important future for the motor car. 亨利·福特为汽车设想了一个远大前程。

39 founders   

n.创始人( founder的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He was one of the founders of the university's medical faculty. 他是该大学医学院的创建人之一。 来自辞典例句
• The founders of our religion made this a cornerstone of morality. 我们宗教的创始人把这看作是道德的基石。 来自辞典例句