想要减肥？别穿外套

 Being cold helps you lose weight, a new study found.

一项新的研究表明，寒冷可以使人减肥。

Exercise or being exposed to low temperatures creates more 'good' brown and beige types of body fat which burns calories in the body.

运动或暴露在低温下可以创造出更多“有益的”褐色和灰褐色类型的脂肪，他们可以在体内燃烧卡路里。

Previous research has found being cold mimics¹ the effects of exercise, protecting against obesity² and improving metabolic³ health.

此前的研究发现，寒冷可以模仿运动的效果，防止肥胖并改善代谢健康。

Now, a new study has discovered how exposure to cold dramatically alters the composition of bacteria the gut⁴, and this leads to fat-burning, improved glucose⁵ metabolism⁶, and reduced body weight.

目前，一项新的研究发现了暴露在寒冷中是如何改变肠道细菌的组成，这可以引起脂肪燃烧，提高葡萄糖的新陈代谢，并降低体重。

想要减肥？别穿外套

The findings could provide new treatments for overweight or obese⁷ people, researchers said.

研究人员称，该发现可以为超重或肥胖人士提供新的治疗方案。

Professor Mirko Trajkovski of the University of Geneva said: 'We provide compelling evidence that gut microbes play a key role in our ability to adapt to the environment by directly regulating our energy balance.

瑞士日内瓦大学米尔科·特拉伊科夫斯基教授说：“我们可以提供强有力的证据证明在我们的能力下，肠道微生物通过直接调控我们体内的能量平衡从而在适应环境上发挥着关键作用。

'We are excited about exploring the therapeutic⁸ potential of these findings and testing whether targeting some of these microbes could be a promising⁹ approach for preventing obesity and related metabolic conditions.'

“我们对于能够探索这些发现的医疗潜力，并且测试这些微生物中的一些对于防止肥胖和相关的新陈代谢疾病是否是一个有前景的方法感到很兴奋。”

While ordinary white fat- known as 'bad' fat - piles on when we eat more calories than we burn, brown fat seems to burn excess calories to generate heat.

当我们吃进去的卡路里比燃烧的卡路里多时，普通的白脂肪--也被称为”坏的“脂肪--就会堆积起来。褐色脂肪似乎可以燃烧多余的卡路里来产生热量。

We know babies have lots of brown fat — they need it to keep warm — but studies have shown there are small amounts in the necks of adults, too.

我们知道婴儿有很多的褐色脂肪--他们需要褐色脂肪来保暖---但是研究显示，在人类脖子上也存在着少量的褐色脂肪。

Experts believe that certain activities could switch on this fat, potentially helping¹⁰ to burn calories at a greater rate.

专家相信某些活动可以启动这种脂肪，可能有助于以更大的速度燃烧卡路里。

And studies have shown certain activities, such as sleeping in a cold, can trigger the formation of more brown fat in the body.

而这些研究已经显示某些活动，例如睡在寒冷的环境中，可以触发体内更多褐色细胞的形成。

Gut microbes have also been implicated¹¹ in obesity and obesity-related conditions like Type 2 diabetes¹² and heart disease.

肠道微生物同样也与脂肪和脂肪相关疾病，例如二型糖尿病和心脏疾病有关。

It is thought the composition of millions of bacteria in our intestines¹⁴ can effect how we metabolise different foods and, therefore, how much weight we gain.

据认为，我们肠道内数百万细菌的组成可以影响我们代谢不同食物的方式，由此影响我们会增重多少。

Researchers theorised the health benefits of being exposed to cold may be linked to gut bacteria.

研究人员推断称暴露在寒冷中的健康益处可能与肠道细菌有关联。

As part of the new study, they exposed mice to cold temperature of 6°C (43°F) for up to 10 days.

作为新研究的一部分，他们把老鼠放置在6摄氏度（43华氏度）的低温下达10天。

They discovered this caused a major shift in the composition of the mice's gut microbes and preventing them from gaining weight.

他们发现，这引发了老鼠体内肠道细菌组成的主要变化并阻止他们增加重量。

Then, the cold-induced gut bacteria were transplanted into other mice that did not harbour gut microbes because they had been raised in a germ-free environment.

之后，这些由寒冷引起的肠道细菌被移植到了其他因生长在无菌环境中而不含有肠道微生物的老鼠体内。

It was found these mice had improved glucose metabolism, increased tolerance¹⁵ to cold temperatures.

据发现，这些老鼠改善了葡萄糖的新陈代谢，提升了对低温的忍耐力。

The mice also lost weight as the changes in gut bacteria promoted the formation of beige fat.

由于肠道细菌的改变促进了灰褐色脂肪的形成，这些老鼠的重量也下降了。

Professor Trajkovski said: 'These findings demonstrate that gut microbes directly regulate the energy balance in response to changes in the environment.'

特拉伊科夫斯基教授说：“这些发现证明肠道微生物可以直接调节能量平衡以应对环境变化。”

However, after three weeks of cold exposure, body weight began to stabilise.

不过，暴露在寒冷中三周后，体重就开始稳定下来。

The intestine¹³ grew so it absorbed more nutrients¹⁶ from food, offsetting¹⁷ any additional weight loss.

因为肠道开始成长，所以从食物中吸收了更多的营养，弥补了任何额外的体重下降。

He added: 'These findings demonstrate that gut microbes enable mammals to harvest more energy from food as a way to adapt to the increased energy demand associated with long periods of cold exposure, thereby¹⁸ helping to protect against hypothermia.

他补充说，这些发现证明肠道微生物能够使哺乳动物从食物中收获更多能量，以此适应与长时间暴露在低温下有关的能量需求上升，从而有助于防止体温过低。

'We were surprised to see that gut microbes had such dramatic effects on the structure and function of the intestine.'

“我们很惊讶地发现肠道微生物对肠道结构和功能有如此巨大的影响。”

The team now plans to study the molecular¹⁹ mechanisms²⁰ by which gut microbes sense changes in the environment, such as cold, which affect how much energy a person uses up.

该团队现在正计划研究分子机制，通过它肠道微生物可以意识到像寒冷这样的环境变化，这种环境变化可以影响一个人到底能消耗多少能量。

They are also looking into how changing certain gut bacteria may prevent obesity by remodelling²¹ intestinal²² tissue and thereby decreasing the absorption of nutrients in the gut.

他们也正在研究某种肠道细菌的改变可能会如何通过改变肠道组织结构来阻止肥胖，从而降低肠道中营养成分的吸收。

Vocabulary

glucose: 葡萄糖

hypothermia: 体温过低

1 mimics   

n.模仿名人言行的娱乐演员，滑稽剧演员( mimic的名词复数 )；善于模仿的人或物v.（尤指为了逗乐而）模仿( mimic的第三人称单数 )；酷似

参考例句：

• Methods:Models were generate by CT scan,Mimics software and Abaqus software. 方法：采用CT扫描，Mimics软件和Abaqus软件的CAD进行三维有限元模型的创建。 来自互联网
• Relaxing the mind and body mimics the effect that some blood-pressure pills would have. 放松身心会产生某些降压药才能产生的效果。 来自辞典例句

2 obesity   

n.肥胖，肥大

参考例句：

• One effect of overeating may be obesity.吃得过多能导致肥胖。
• Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity than some other foods.糖和脂肪比其他食物更容易导致肥胖。

3 metabolic   

adj.新陈代谢的

参考例句：

• Impressive metabolic alternations have been undergone during embryogenesis.在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。
• A number of intoxicants are associated with metabolic acidosis.许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。

4 gut   

n.[pl.]胆量；内脏；adj.本能的；vt.取出内脏

参考例句：

• It is not always necessary to gut the fish prior to freezing.冷冻鱼之前并不总是需要先把内脏掏空。
• My immediate gut feeling was to refuse.我本能的直接反应是拒绝。

5 glucose   

n.葡萄糖

参考例句：

• I gave him an extra dose of glucose to pep him up.我给他多注射了一剂葡萄糖以增强他的活力。
• The doctor injected glucose into his patient's veins.医生将葡萄糖注入病人的静脉。

6 metabolism   

n.新陈代谢

参考例句：

• After years of dieting,Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack.经过数年的节食，卡罗尔的新陈代谢完全紊乱了。
• All living matter undergoes a process of metabolism.生物都有新陈代谢。

7 obese   

adj.过度肥胖的，肥大的

参考例句：

• The old man is really obese,it can't be healthy.那位老人确实过于肥胖了，不能算是健康。
• Being obese and lazy is dangerous to health.又胖又懒危害健康。

8 therapeutic   

adj.治疗的，起治疗作用的；对身心健康有益的

参考例句：

• Therapeutic measures were selected to fit the patient.选择治疗措施以适应病人的需要。
• When I was sad,music had a therapeutic effect.我悲伤的时候，音乐有治疗效力。

9 promising   

adj.有希望的，有前途的

参考例句：

• The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
• We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。

10 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

11 implicated   

adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的

参考例句：

• These groups are very strongly implicated in the violence. 这些组织与这起暴力事件有着极大的关联。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Having the stolen goods in his possession implicated him in the robbery. 因藏有赃物使他涉有偷盗的嫌疑。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

12 diabetes   

n.糖尿病

参考例句：

• In case of diabetes, physicians advise against the use of sugar.对于糖尿病患者，医生告诫他们不要吃糖。
• Diabetes is caused by a fault in the insulin production of the body.糖尿病是由体內胰岛素分泌失调引起的。

13 intestine   

adj.内部的；国内的；n.肠

参考例句：

• This vitamin is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine.这种维生素通过小肠壁被吸收。
• The service productivity is the function,including external efficiency,intestine efficiency and capacity efficiency.服务业的生产率是一个包含有外部效率、内部效率和能力效率的函数。

14 intestines   

n.肠( intestine的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Perhaps the most serious problems occur in the stomach and intestines. 最严重的问题或许出现在胃和肠里。 来自辞典例句
• The traps of carnivorous plants function a little like the stomachs and small intestines of animals. 食肉植物的捕蝇器起着动物的胃和小肠的作用。 来自辞典例句

15 tolerance   

n.宽容；容忍，忍受；耐药力；公差

参考例句：

• Tolerance is one of his strengths.宽容是他的一个优点。
• Human beings have limited tolerance of noise.人类对噪音的忍耐力有限。

16 nutrients   

n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》

17 offsetting   

n.偏置法v.抵消( offset的现在分词 )；补偿；（为了比较的目的而）把…并列（或并置）；为（管道等）装支管

参考例句：

• Dealers, having concluded a forward contract, should always hedge with an offsetting contract. 外汇经营商在签订了一项远期合同之后总是应进行套头交易签订一项相抵合同。 来自辞典例句
• Where does Germany think offsetting shifts into greater external deficits might occur? 在德国看来，这么大的外部赤字应该转移到哪里？ 来自互联网

18 thereby   

adv.因此，从而

参考例句：

• I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
• He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。

19 molecular   

adj.分子的；克分子的

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
• For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。

20 mechanisms   

n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

21 remodelling   

v.改变…的结构[形状]( remodel的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• That shabby street needs remodelling. 那条陋街需要重建。 来自辞典例句
• Function-forming and remodelling collagen, reticular and elastic fibres and the ground substances. 合成蛋白质，构成疏松结缔组织的纤维和基质成分。 来自互联网

22 intestinal   

adj.肠的；肠壁；肠道细菌

参考例句：

• A few other conditions are in high intestinal obstruction. 其它少数情况是高位肠梗阻。 来自辞典例句
• This complication has occasionally occurred following the use of intestinal antiseptics. 这种并发症偶而发生在使用肠道抗菌剂上。 来自辞典例句