托福考试之词汇地雷题

 　　考生必须充分理解文章中单词和词组的意思，才能理解整个文章。一般而言，文中提及的单词或词组对理解整个文章起着至关重要的作用。

　　如何识别此类问题

　　词汇类问题很容易辨认，在文章中被考到的单词或短语会被用阴影标识出来，问题的提问形式通常为：

　　☆ In the case of a word, the question might be:

　　The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　☆ In the case of a phrase, the question might be:

　　In stating X, the author means that

　　The phrase X in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　其中，以第一种形式，也就是考察考生某单词在文章上下文中意思的问题类型最为常见。

　　如何答题

　　1. 在文章中定位到阴影标识的单词或短语。

　　2. 仔细阅读该词或短语所在句子。

　　3. 在句子中寻找可以帮助理解阴影标识的单词或短语的具体意思的线索。

　　4. 选择答案，并将所选择的单词或短语放入原文进行检验，以确认这个句子在全文中仍是有意义的。

　　提醒考生注意，选择答案时，不要仅仅因为某个选项符合该单词的某一个正确意思就将其作为正确选项;题目考察的是作者在文章上下文中使用了那一个词义。

　　如何利用各种线索

　　☆ 结构线索(即指明句子中各成分之间关系的特定单词、短语和语法结构)

　　1. 对比

　　Example: OG　Practice Set 5, question 6

　　Passage 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craftworkers such as carpenters and tailors formed unions and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union. The labor¹ movement gathered some momentum² in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor’s strength collapsed…

　　The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ made progress

　　○ became active

　　○ caused changes

　　○ combined forces

　　解析：单词readily所在的文章句子中出现转折词but，根据文章中but后面的内容我们可以得出短语gathered some momentum在此句中的的意思为made progress。

　　2. 例子

　　Example: OG　Practice Set 4, question 10

　　Passage 8: One cognitive³ theory suggests that aggravating⁴ and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on other people’s motives⁵. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example， they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

　　The word distort in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ mistrust

　　○ misinterpret

　　○ criticize

　　○ resent

　　解析：distort所在的文章句子后出现“ for example”， 根据for example 中的内容，我们可以得出distort在此句中的意思为misinterpret。

　　3. 并列信息

　　Example: OG　Practice Set 5, question 3

　　Passage 3: …Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and since work was specialized⁶, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.

　　The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ prolonged

　　○ established

　　○ followed

　　○ upset

　　解析：disrupt 在的文章句子中出现and连接的并列信息hurt，根据这一并列信息，我们可以得出disrupt在此句中的意思为upset。

1 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

2 momentum   

n.动力，冲力，势头；动量

参考例句：

• We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
• The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。

3 cognitive   

adj.认知的，认识的，有感知的

参考例句：

• As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大，他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
• The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。

4 aggravating   

adj.恼人的，讨厌的

参考例句：

• How aggravating to be interrupted! 被打扰，多令人生气呀！
• Diesel exhaust is particularly aggravating to many susceptible individuals. 许多体质敏感的人尤其反感柴油废气。

5 motives   

n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• to impeach sb's motives 怀疑某人的动机
• His motives are unclear. 他的用意不明。

6 specialized   

adj.专门的，专业化的

参考例句：

• There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.联合国有许多专门机构。
• These tools are very specialized.这些是专用工具。