重视托福阅读中“同义转换”的练习量

 　　毋庸置疑，我们的托福考试中，阅读部分句子和段落结构的要求是非常重要的，但是对于很多不涉及段落和复杂句子结构的题目来说，同学们容易错在与同义转换有关的表达上。这些在题目定位和答案上出现的同义转换占据同学们错题很大的比例，包括细节题，排除题，句子简化题，修辞目的题等众多题型。这一次主要来谈谈前两个方面同义改写，希望在练习的思路上能帮助大家。

　　(1) 同义转换在细节题定位时

　　细节题的思路我们已经清楚，我们都把问题分成两部分：找的部分和答案的部分。比如在生态系统的一篇文章中有个题目which of the following principles of ecosystems¹ can be learned by studying a pond?题目的部分是 which of the following principles can be learned，定位的部分by studying a pond。再根据关键点去定位，关键词定位或者关键主干定位。定位的时候我们根据关键词，问什么找什么，但很多同学有个习惯，根据题目中出现的词的“频率”去找原文句子，这是第一步错误原因，因为定位不准确(我们需要根据问的事情去定位，很多同学阅读题目的时候没看清楚问的是什么事情的什么问题，有目标的找答案);第二步进一步错误再根据“可能的相关答案”中和原文句子里面词汇“有重复的词”去找“貌似答案”…这样就容易出现问题，因为错误在于定位的时候不是根据问的问题来定的位。简单的题目比如例一：难度*

　　Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration². Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration³ is established.

　　7. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?

　　 ○Increased stony⁴ content

　　 ○Reduced water absorption

　　 ○Increased numbers of spaces in the soil? ○Reduced water runoff

　　题目还是分成两部分：①找的是loss of natural vegetation②问的是结果，我们只用这一个点loss of natural vegetation定位就可以了，去找原文的时候就能自然定位到第一句的后半句the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.答案就是the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water，选B就可以了，因为答案也几乎是原文的。可是遇到这种题目的话例二：难度**

　　In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians⁶ are unable to produce thermal⁷ energy through their metabolic⁸ activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever⁹ over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature. While amphibian⁵ are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.

　　1. According to paragraph 1, what indicated that amphibians have some control over their body temperature?

　　 Amphibians can regulate their metabolic rates to generate energy.

　　 Amphibians use the same means of thermoregulation as mammals and birds do.

　　 The body temperature of amphibians sometimes differs from the temperature of their surroundings.

　　 The body temperature of amphibians is independent of their metabolic activity.

　　这个题目分成了定位部分和amphibians have some control over their body temperature和问题部分：what indicate;先看定位：直接找amphibians能控制体温是没有原文的直接描述，但是有这么一句话the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false，也就是说，这句话说两栖动物不能控制体温的思想是错误的，也就是我们要的能控制体温的同义转换。因此这时候答案就好找了，必然是后一句的because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature.体温往往和周围环境温度不一致，正确答案选C.这种问题类型大量存在，说明有时候，问的问题往往需要进行一个同义转换的说法才能找到相关语句。再看难度继续加大一些的，这时候关键词上升到概念相关的定位了：

　　例三：难度***

　　Paragraph 5: Spartina was transported to Washington State in packing materials for oysters¹¹ transplanted from the east coast in 1894. Leaving its insect predators¹² behind, the cordgrass has been spreading slowly and steadily¹³ along Washington’s tidal estuaries¹⁴ on the west coast, crowding out the native plants and drastically altering the landscape by trapping sediment¹⁵. Spartina modifies tidal mudflats, turning them into high marshes¹⁷ inhospitable to the many fish and waterfowl that depend on the mudflats. It is already hampering¹⁸ the oyster¹⁰ harvest and the Dungeness crab¹⁹ fishery, and it interferes²⁰ with the recreational use of beaches and waterfronts. Spartina has been transplanted to England and to New Zealand for land reclamation²¹ and shoreline stabilization²². In New Zealand the plant has spread rapidly, changing mudflats with marshy²³ fringes to extensive salt meadows and reducing the number and kinds of birds and animals that use the marsh¹⁶.

　　9.According to paragraph 5, Spartina negatively affects wildlife in estuaries byO trapping fish and waterfowl in sedimentO preventing oysters from transplanting successfullyO turning mudflats into high marshes and salt meadowsO expanding the marshy fringes of salt meadows这个题目我们还是用基础的细节题思路，把题目分成两部分，定位和问题。定位部分为Spartina negatively affects wildlife in estuaries，问题部分是by doing?方式状语。所以我们首先要找到Spartina是如何负面影响wildlife的。这个题目找原词是没有的，我们只能落实到Spartina modifies tidal mudflats, turning them into high marshes inhospitable to the many fish and waterfowl that depend on the mudflats.和In New Zealand the plant has spread rapidly, changing mudflats with marshy fringes to extensive salt meadows and reducing the number and kinds of birds and animals that use the marsh. 两句，因为两句分别是inhospitable to the many fish和reducing the number and kinds of birds and animals，所以具体的方式就只能在这两句中找了。这时候答案就显而易见了changing mudflats with marshy fringes to extensive salt meadows，正确答案选C.这就是上升了之后的概念定位，用同义转换了的内容定位。同学们需要多加注意的就是这种题目，原词往往找不到的情况下，找关键否定词，绝对词，比较等方面的同义转换的定位就可以了。

　　(2) 同义转换在题目的答案上

　　同义转换既会出现在定位中，也会出现在答案中。包括细节题，排除题，句子简化题，修辞目的题等众多题型。我们用修辞目的题的同义转换的思想举一个例子。看下面一个题目。

　　例四：

　　Why is that higher latitudes²⁴ have lower diversities than the tropics? Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area. The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes-a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections²⁵ of Earth’s curved surface , since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes-and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story, otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.

　　1. Why does the author mention “ Klaus Rohde” in the passage?

　　 To support the argument that large landmasses are usually richer in species than smaller ones are.

　　 To introduce the argument that there are often factors contributing to species diversity besides land area.

　　 To cast doubt on whether the tropics actually contain higher species diversity than land at higher latitudes does? To emphasize that biogeographers and biologists differ in their approaches to biodiversity这个题目很明显是个修辞目的题。根据解题思路，看上下文关系，我们发现Klaus Rohde是在转折词之后的，说明这应该是对某一个理论的反驳。我们读完问题问到的这句话，说的主干是尽管地区对生物多样性起到作用，但是这不是事情的全部。看前文的主旨的部分说Why is that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area.主旨说的是地区决定物种多样性。所以我们在问题里面被问到的到的这句话必然是反对地区决定物种多样性的。我们看答案，却没有一个是说反对这个理论的，但是有这么一个说法说To introduce the argument that there are often factors contributing to species diversity besides land area.，说住了区域之外还有别的因素，也就是对区域是主要原因的一个反驳。因此正确答案选B.

　　多次考试刷分，有心的同学会发现，阅读考试同义转化的题目在不断的增加。事实上，随着ETS阅读考试的题目复杂度的变化,在做阅读题目的时候，有的同学会觉得“原来都不知道答案应该是什么，转换了就更不会了”，但通过以上两类题目，老师在这里建议大家，在做题目的时候虽然会遇到同义转换， 但只要做到根据老师说的，先不去看答案，自己先当成问答题自己给一个答案，再根据自己的答案的关键词去寻找ABCD中的你要的答案，这样的话，不管答案是原词还是同义转换，就都能保证正确率了。很多同学都是先不思考答案而先看ABCD都有些什么再去被动定答案，希望同学们去掉这个习惯，有预测性的做题，这样就能不乱不混，做出来题目也能肯定的告诉自己：“我这个题一定对，因为答案和我预期的那个关键点是一样的，它甚至考的是转换了很多的同义改写”。在每一种题目中都会出现类似的转换，我们变被动为主动，提分效果就会更快了。

　　祝你成功!

 

1 ecosystems   

n.生态系统( ecosystem的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• There are highly sensitive and delicately balanced ecosystems in the forest. 森林里有高度敏感、灵敏平衡的各种生态系统。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Madagascar's ecosystems range from rainforest to semi-desert. 马达加斯加生态系统类型多样，从雨林到半荒漠等不一而足。 来自辞典例句

2 penetration   

n.穿透，穿人，渗透

参考例句：

• He is a man of penetration.他是一个富有洞察力的人。
• Our aim is to achieve greater market penetration.我们的目标是进一步打入市场。

3 deterioration   

n.退化；恶化；变坏

参考例句：

• Mental and physical deterioration both occur naturally with age. 随着年龄的增长，心智和体力自然衰退。
• The car's bodywork was already showing signs of deterioration. 这辆车的车身已经显示出了劣化迹象。

4 stony   

adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的

参考例句：

• The ground is too dry and stony.这块地太干，而且布满了石头。
• He listened to her story with a stony expression.他带着冷漠的表情听她讲经历。

5 amphibian   

n.两栖动物；水陆两用飞机和车辆

参考例句：

• The frog is an amphibian,which means it can live on land and in water.青蛙属于两栖动物，也就是说它既能生活在陆地上也能生活在水里。
• Amphibian is an important specie in ecosystem and has profound meaning in the ecotoxicology evaluation.两栖类是生态系统中的重要物种，并且对环境毒理评价有着深远意义。

6 amphibians   

两栖动物( amphibian的名词复数 )； 水陆两用车； 水旱两生植物； 水陆两用飞行器

参考例句：

• The skin of amphibians is permeable to water. 两栖动物的皮肤是透水的。
• Two amphibians ferry them out over the sands. 两辆水陆两用车把他们渡过沙滩。

7 thermal   

adj.热的，由热造成的；保暖的

参考例句：

• They will build another thermal power station.他们要另外建一座热能发电站。
• Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。

8 metabolic   

adj.新陈代谢的

参考例句：

• Impressive metabolic alternations have been undergone during embryogenesis.在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。
• A number of intoxicants are associated with metabolic acidosis.许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。

9 whatsoever   

adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么

参考例句：

• There's no reason whatsoever to turn down this suggestion.没有任何理由拒绝这个建议。
• All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you,do ye even so to them.你想别人对你怎样，你就怎样对人。

10 oyster   

n.牡蛎；沉默寡言的人

参考例句：

• I enjoy eating oyster; it's really delicious.我喜欢吃牡蛎，它味道真美。
• I find I fairly like eating when he finally persuades me to taste the oyster.当他最后说服我尝尝牡蛎时，我发现我相当喜欢吃。

11 oysters   

牡蛎( oyster的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• We don't have oysters tonight, but the crayfish are very good. 我们今晚没有牡蛎供应。但小龙虾是非常好。
• She carried a piping hot grill of oysters and bacon. 她端出一盘滚烫的烤牡蛎和咸肉。

12 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》

13 steadily   

adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地

参考例句：

• The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
• Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。

14 estuaries   

（江河入海的）河口，河口湾( estuary的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• We also recognize the diversity and complexity of controlling in fluences in estuaries. 我们也认识到在河湾内控制影响的多样性和复杂性。
• Estuaries also contribute to economy through tourism and fishing. 河口还为人类提供了休闲和教育的场所。

15 sediment   

n.沉淀，沉渣，沉积(物)

参考例句：

• The sediment settled and the water was clear.杂质沉淀后，水变清了。
• Sediment begins to choke the channel's opening.沉积物开始淤塞河道口。

16 marsh   

n.沼泽，湿地

参考例句：

• There are a lot of frogs in the marsh.沼泽里有许多青蛙。
• I made my way slowly out of the marsh.我缓慢地走出这片沼泽地。

17 marshes   

n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Cows were grazing on the marshes. 牛群在湿地上吃草。
• We had to cross the marshes. 我们不得不穿过那片沼泽地。 来自《简明英汉词典》

18 hampering   

妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• So fraud on cows and development aid is seriously hampering growth. 因此在牛问题上和发展补助上的诈骗严重阻碍了发展。
• Short-termism, carbon-trading, disputing the science-are hampering the implementation of direct economically-led objectives. 短效主义，出售二氧化碳，进行科学辩论，这些都不利于实现以经济为主导的直接目标。

19 crab   

n.螃蟹，偏航，脾气乖戾的人，酸苹果；vi.捕蟹，偏航，发牢骚；vt.使偏航，发脾气

参考例句：

• I can't remember when I last had crab.我不记得上次吃蟹是什么时候了。
• The skin on my face felt as hard as a crab's back.我脸上的皮仿佛僵硬了，就象螃蟹的壳似的。

20 interferes   

vi. 妨碍，冲突，干涉

参考例句：

• The noise interferes with my work. 这噪音妨碍我的工作。
• That interferes with my plan. 那干扰了我的计划。

21 reclamation   

n.开垦；改造；（废料等的）回收

参考例句：

• We should encourage reclamation and recycling.我们应当鼓励废物的回收和利用。
• The area is needed for a land reclamation project.一个土地开垦项目要在这一地区进行。

22 Stabilization   

稳定化

参考例句：

• The position of barycentre on plane directly impacts the stabilization and manipulation of plane. 飞机重心位置直接影响飞机的稳定和操纵特性。
• With the higher olefins, stabilization of the energetic intermediates occurs more easily. 在较高的烯烃情况下，高能的中间物稳定作用更易出现。

23 marshy   

adj.沼泽的

参考例句：

• In August 1935,we began our march across the marshy grassland. 1935年8月，我们开始过草地。
• The surrounding land is low and marshy. 周围的地低洼而多沼泽。

24 latitudes   

纬度

参考例句：

• Latitudes are the lines that go from east to west. 纬线是从东到西的线。
• It was the brief Indian Summer of the high latitudes. 这是高纬度地方的那种短暂的晚秋。

25 projections   

预测( projection的名词复数 )； 投影； 投掷； 突起物

参考例句：

• Their sales projections are a total thumbsuck. 他们的销售量预测纯属估计。
• The council has revised its projections of funding requirements upwards. 地方议会调高了对资金需求的预测。