托福听力中经济学词汇整理

 　　托福听力在托福考试中难度较大，特别是托福听力出现经济学类的词汇的时候，不少考生直接就蒙了，发达的经济商学使得这些专有名词在美国语言系统中相当常见，让我们一起来看下托福听经济学词汇吧。今天托福的老师跟大家分享经济专业词汇，很多考生之所以在托福听力考试中听不懂，其中最重要的原因就是因为托福听力词汇量有限，要想攻克托福听力，积累托福听力词汇是重中之重，尤其是要积累词汇的语音识别。

　　accounting¹:会计 cost成本 profit利润 allocation 配置 average平均 Assumption假设 barrier 壁垒 capital :资本 capital stock :资本存量capital output ratio资本产出比率 capitalism²资本主义 supply供给 demand需求 commodity 商品 common property 公用财产compensation principles :补偿原则 competition :竞争 competitive market :竞争性市场 complement³ goods :互补品 consistence :一致性constraints⁴ :约束 consumer equilibrium⁵ :消费者均衡 corporation :公司 cost minimization :成本极小化 demand schedule :需求表diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减 direct approach :直接法 durable⁶ goods :耐用品distribution :分配 economic rent :经济租金 economy of scale :规模经济 exclusion⁷ :排斥性、排他性 hypothesis :假说 indirect approach :间接法inferior goods :劣品 investment :投资 long run :长期 luxury :奢侈品 revolution :革命 Natural resources :自然资源 non-rivalry :非对抗性ordinary goods :一般品 partial equilibrium :局部均衡 discrimination :歧视 price seeker :价格搜求者 principal—agent issues :委托--代理问题proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线 pure exchange :纯交换 rationality :理性 regulation :调节，调控 returns to scale :规模报酬law of scarcity⁸ :稀缺法则 short—run :短期 revealed preference :显示性偏好 solution :解 strategy :策略 total expenditure⁹ :总支出 ransitivity :传递性variables :变量Welfare criterion :福利subsidy¹⁰ :津贴substitutes :替代品stability :稳定性relative price 相对价格Insurance 保险Contract合约Verbal agreement口头协议 Repay 偿还 interest 利息 Merchant 商人 Cautious 谨慎的 Paramount¹¹ 极为重要的 Manufacture 制造 Label 标签Inform告知 Cost成本 Profit利润 loss损失 Net净的 gross粗略的 Supplyand demand供求 Supply chain供应链 Fluctuation¹² 浮动 boom 繁荣 bust¹³破产Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing¹⁴ strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail¹⁵ 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算mortgage抵押patent :专利division of labor¹⁶ :劳动分工dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型direct taxes :直接税depreciation¹⁷ :折旧consumer optimization¹⁸ :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumer theory :消费者理论consumption :消费consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削constant cost industry :成本不变产业下面在以TPO6 第一篇讲座为例，来看这些托福听力词汇的熟悉对于托福听力的帮助。

　　ProfessorNow when I mention the terms “boom and bust”, what is that going to mind?

　　StudentThe dotcom crash of the ‘90s.

　　ProfessorOk. The boom in the late 1990s when all those new Internet companiessprung up and then sold for huge amounts of money.Then the bust around2000…2001 when many of those same Internet companies went out ofbusiness.Of course, booms aren’t always followed by busts¹⁹. We’ve certainly seen timeswhen local economies expanded rapidly for a while and then went back to anormal pace of growth. But, there’s a type of rapid expansion, what might becalled the hysterical²⁰ or irrational²¹ boom that pretty much always leads to a bust.See, people often create and intensify²² a boom when they get carried away bysome new industry that seems like it will make them lots of money fast. If you think that by the 90s, people would have learned from the past. If they did,well, look at tulips.

　　在讲座的开头部分，教师举例讲解了经济发展周期的一普遍现象-繁荣与萧条，语速较快，难度等级高。学生一开始就直接懵了，因为教授的讲座内容一开始就说了这节课的主题：“ Now when I mention the terms “boom and bust”,”而学生不知道boom和bust是什么意思。无形中注意力就会集中于在脑海里搜索什么事boom and bust。

1 accounting   

n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表

参考例句：

• A job fell vacant in the accounting department.财会部出现了一个空缺。
• There's an accounting error in this entry.这笔账目里有差错。

2 capitalism   

n.资本主义

参考例句：

• The essence of his argument is that capitalism cannot succeed.他的论点的核心是资本主义不能成功。
• Capitalism began to develop in Russia in the 19th century.十九世纪资本主义在俄国开始发展。

3 complement   

n.补足物，船上的定员；补语；vt.补充，补足

参考例句：

• The two suggestions complement each other.这两条建议相互补充。
• They oppose each other also complement each other.它们相辅相成。

4 constraints   

强制( constraint的名词复数 )； 限制； 约束

参考例句：

• Data and constraints can easily be changed to test theories. 信息库中的数据和限制条件可以轻易地改变以检验假设。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史
• What are the constraints that each of these imply for any design? 这每种产品的要求和约束对于设计意味着什么？ 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

5 equilibrium   

n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静

参考例句：

• Change in the world around us disturbs our inner equilibrium.我们周围世界的变化扰乱了我们内心的平静。
• This is best expressed in the form of an equilibrium constant.这最好用平衡常数的形式来表示。

6 durable   

adj.持久的，耐久的

参考例句：

• This raincoat is made of very durable material.这件雨衣是用非常耐用的料子做的。
• They frequently require more major durable purchases.他们经常需要购买耐用消费品。

7 exclusion   

n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行

参考例句：

• Don't revise a few topics to the exclusion of all others.不要修改少数论题以致排除所有其他的。
• He plays golf to the exclusion of all other sports.他专打高尔夫球，其他运动一概不参加。

8 scarcity   

n.缺乏，不足，萧条

参考例句：

• The scarcity of skilled workers is worrying the government.熟练工人的缺乏困扰着政府。
• The scarcity of fruit was caused by the drought.水果供不应求是由于干旱造成的。

9 expenditure   

n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗

参考例句：

• The entry of all expenditure is necessary.有必要把一切开支入账。
• The monthly expenditure of our family is four hundred dollars altogether.我们一家的开销每月共计四百元。

10 subsidy   

n.补助金，津贴

参考例句：

• The university will receive a subsidy for research in artificial intelligence.那个大学将得到一笔人工智能研究的补助费。
• The living subsidy for senior expert's family is included in the remuneration.报酬已包含高级专家家人的生活补贴。

11 paramount   

a.最重要的，最高权力的

参考例句：

• My paramount object is to save the Union and destroy slavery.我的最高目标是拯救美国，摧毁奴隶制度。
• Nitrogen is of paramount importance to life on earth.氮对地球上的生命至关重要。

12 fluctuation   

n.(物价的)波动，涨落；周期性变动；脉动

参考例句：

• The erratic fluctuation of market prices are in consequence of unstable economy.经济波动致使市场物价忽起忽落。
• Early and adequate drainage is essential if fluctuation occurs.有波动感时，应及早地充分引流。

13 bust   

vt.打破；vi.爆裂；n.半身像；胸部

参考例句：

• I dropped my camera on the pavement and bust it. 我把照相机掉在人行道上摔坏了。
• She has worked up a lump of clay into a bust.她把一块黏土精心制作成一个半身像。

14 marketing   

n.行销，在市场的买卖，买东西

参考例句：

• They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
• He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。

15 retail   

v./n.零售；adv.以零售价格

参考例句：

• In this shop they retail tobacco and sweets.这家铺子零售香烟和糖果。
• These shoes retail at 10 yuan a pair.这些鞋子零卖10元一双。

16 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

17 depreciation   

n.价值低落，贬值，蔑视，贬低

参考例句：

• She can't bear the depreciation of the enemy.她受不了敌人的蹂躏。
• They wrote off 500 for depreciation of machinery.他们注销了500镑作为机器折旧费。

18 optimization   

n.最佳化，最优化；优选法；优化组合

参考例句：

• Development of detergents has required optimization of the surfactants structure. 发展洗涤剂时，要求使用最恰当的表面活性剂结构。 来自辞典例句
• In the case of productivity tools and other non-entertainment-oriented products, this optimization means minimizing work. 对于生产工具和其他非娱乐导向的产品而言，这意味着将工作负荷降至最低。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

19 busts   

半身雕塑像( bust的名词复数 )； 妇女的胸部； 胸围； 突击搜捕

参考例句：

• Dey bags swells up and busts. 那奶袋快胀破了。
• Marble busts all looked like a cemetery. 大理石的半身象，简直就象是坟山。

20 hysterical   

adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的

参考例句：

• He is hysterical at the sight of the photo.他一看到那张照片就异常激动。
• His hysterical laughter made everybody stunned.他那歇斯底里的笑声使所有的人不知所措。

21 irrational   

adj.无理性的，失去理性的

参考例句：

• After taking the drug she became completely irrational.她在吸毒后变得完全失去了理性。
• There are also signs of irrational exuberance among some investors.在某些投资者中是存在非理性繁荣的征象的。

22 intensify   

vt.加强；变强；加剧

参考例句：

• We must intensify our educational work among our own troops.我们必须加强自己部队的教育工作。
• They were ordered to intensify their patrols to protect our air space.他们奉命加强巡逻，保卫我国的领空。