英语应试写作学与练：比较篇

    英语应试写作学与练：比较篇
    比较型议论文通常是运用比较手段阐述自己的观点。
    例如：
    Where to live——in the city or in the country？
    Do you prefer to independently after marriage or continue to live together with your parents？
    Which is your pastime——watching TV and listening to music or taking part in sports and games？
    这种类型的作文在具体写作时，要根据自己的观点对赞成的事物，其优点要多写详写，而对其缺点要少写，甚至略过；而对反对的事物，其优点要少写略写，一笔带过，对其缺点则要不惜笔墨，大写特写。这样处理，作者的观点才能得以体现。我们可以从两种结构模式来学习比较型作文的写作。
    一种是A1A2A3——B1B2B3整体比较法：
    Paragraph 1S（1） Topic： The subjects to be comparedS（2） Thesis： Your preference for B over AParagraph 2S（3） Concede A's advantageS（4） But A's disadvantage 1S（5） A's disadvantage 2……。
    S（7） Illustrate¹ B's advantage 1S（8） B's advantage 2………。
    Paragraph 3Conclusion文章开头引出要比较的两个事物，点明作者的观点：赞成哪一个，反对哪一个。第二段中先承认所反对的事物也有优点，然后着重揭示其缺点。评完所反对的事物后，转去评论所赞成的事物。主要是详写其优点或作者赞成的理由，也可用半句或一句承认他也有不足之处。
    另一种结构是A1B1——A2B2——A3B3 的分项比较法。
    Paragraph 2S（3） Concede A's advantagesS（4） But A's disadvantage 1S（5） B's corresponding advantage 1S（6） A's disadvantage 2S（7） B's corresponding advantage 2S（8） A's disadvantage 3S（9） B's corresponding advantage 3这种类型的典型例句列举如下：
    用于文章开头的句型：
    1.With the advent² of /development of / the improved standard of ………。 …………plays an important role/part in our daily life.（ increasing attention is drawn³ /called to………）2. While it is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/accepted that A………， I believe B……用于进行比较时使用的句型：
    3. Studies/Researches/Experiments show/ demonstrate/ reveal that…………4. On the contrary/ On the other hand， the advantages of B……。
    5. far outweigh/ carry more weight than advantages of A…………6. Although B fails to / can not ………， few things can be compared with/ match/ equal B in terms of …………7. The advantage /significance of B is more than ………应试作文学与练第三期作文题目（1）：
    Large Companies and Small CompaniesDirections： Write a composition on the topic Large Companies and Small Companies in thirty minutes. You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline （given in Chinese） below.
    1.大学毕业后有的人希望在大公司工作。
    2.有的人则认为在小公司工作更能锻炼人。
    3.我的看法。
    参考范文：
    Large Companies and Small CompaniesUpon graduation from college， young men and women face the first choice in their career life： to go to a large company or a small one？ Although many graduates are attracted by the prestige of large companies， I believe the small one will afford more chances of success and more opportunities to develop your ability.
    There are two basic differences between the large and small enterprises. First， working in the small company you operate primarily through personal contacts； you have more chance to develop your communication ability and the ability to handle various kinds of personalities⁴. In contrast， in the large company there are established policies and fairly rigid⁵ procedures. Even the man at the top is only a cog in a big machine： you needn't make any decision and can't see the effect of your work…… Second， in a small business you are normally exposed to all kinds of experiences and expected to do a great many things without too much help or guidance. Thus， you may acquire much more skills and experience， and develop the ability to handle different， complicated things. But in the large corporation， since you are normally taught one thing and limited to one procedure， you may become the man who knows more and more about less and less.
    Obviously if you want to gain more experience and ability needed in business organizations and to become an excellent manager or executive in your future career， working in a small company is your best choice.
    比较篇写作题目（2）Which Mode of Travel Do You like？
    Directions： For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Which Mode of Travel Do You like？ You should write no less than 150 words and base your composition on the outline （given in Chinese） below：
    1. 有的人喜欢参加旅行社旅游（package tours）2. 有的人喜欢自己独立行动（travelling on one's own）3. 比较这两种旅游方式，我喜欢的是……本期范文：
    With the general standard of living improving and the working week becoming shorter， more and more people are able to make a holiday trip to places of interest. While many like to join package tours fro convenience， I prefer to travel on my own.
    I like travelling on may own not only because it costs much less but because it gives a great degree of independence and freedom. Travelling on my own， I'm my own boss； and can decide when to start on my way， where to linger a little longer and which spot can be skipped over to save energy or time for another spot. I can always adjust my plan. On the contrary， in a package tour you're deprived of as much freedom as in a military base. At the sound of the whistle， you have to jump up from a sound sleep and， with heavy-lidded eyes， hurry to the gathering⁶ place where you are collected and counted to board a coach. At the sight of the little flag waving， you must immediately take yourself away from the scenes you are marveling at and follow the guide whose sole interest is to cover all spots according to him strict schedule， regardless of the weather or your health condition.
    True， you may encounter inconveniences if you travel individually， for instance， getting accommodations for the night and finding a place for meals. But nothing can be compared with the freedom which is vital to a person who takes a holiday trip mainly to escape from constraints⁷ of his routine life.

1 illustrate   

v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图

参考例句：

• The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
• This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。

2 advent   

n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临

参考例句：

• Swallows come by groups at the advent of spring. 春天来临时燕子成群飞来。
• The advent of the Euro will redefine Europe.欧元的出现将重新定义欧洲。

3 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。

4 personalities   

n. 诽谤，（对某人容貌、性格等所进行的）人身攻击； 人身攻击；人格, 个性, 名人( personality的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• There seemed to be a degree of personalities in her remarks.她话里有些人身攻击的成分。
• Personalities are not in good taste in general conversation.在一般的谈话中诽谤他人是不高尚的。

5 rigid   

adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的

参考例句：

• She became as rigid as adamant.她变得如顽石般的固执。
• The examination was so rigid that nearly all aspirants were ruled out.考试很严，几乎所有的考生都被淘汰了。

6 gathering   

n.集会，聚会，聚集

参考例句：

• He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
• He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。

7 constraints   

强制( constraint的名词复数 )； 限制； 约束

参考例句：

• Data and constraints can easily be changed to test theories. 信息库中的数据和限制条件可以轻易地改变以检验假设。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史
• What are the constraints that each of these imply for any design? 这每种产品的要求和约束对于设计意味着什么？ 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓