系动词be、助动词、情态动词的否定形式一般可以缩写成为一种简略的形式。如:
is not—isn't are not—aren't
was not—wasn't were not—weren't
has not—hasn't have not—haven't
will not—won't would not—wouldn't
shall not—shan't should not—shouldn't
do not—don't did not—didn't
ought not—oughtn't dare not—daren't
used not to—usedn't / didn't use to
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