VOA慢速英语20061114b

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - Learning the Basics of First Aid: What to Do Until Medical Help ArrivesBy Nancy Steinbach

Broadcast: Tuesday, November 14, 2006

VOICE ONE:

This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I'm Bob Doughty¹.

VOICE TWO:


In Chicago, two high school students learn to use a defibrillator

And I'm Shirley Griffith. This week -- get ready for a short medical education in first aid.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Most accidental poisonings are the result of common things like medicines, insect chemicals and cleaning solutions.

Victims are generally advised to drink milk or water as a first step. But experts say never try to give liquids to someone who is having a violent reaction to a poison. And never try to force liquids into someone who is unconscious.

Seek professional medical help in case of a poisoning. Save the container of whatever caused it. And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison.

If the victim vomits², save material expelled from the mouth so doctors can examine it.

In the past, in some cases, people were often advised to force vomiting³ in order to empty the stomach. But experts have questioned this treatment. They say there is a lack of evidence to support it.

The American Academy of Pediatrics no longer advises parents with young children to keep syrup⁴ of ipecac. That medicine forces vomiting. But the person could choke. And some poisons can cause additional damage coming back up.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Millions of people know about a way to save a person who is choking on food or some other object. It is commonly known as the Heimlich Maneuver⁵.

If the victim is sitting or standing⁶, get directly behind the person. Put your arms around the victim's waist. Close one hand to form a ball and place it over the upper part of the stomach, below the ribs⁷. Place the other hand on top and push forcefully inward and upward. Repeat these abdominal⁸ thrusts until the object is expelled from the mouth.

VOICE ONE:

The maneuver is named for the American doctor credited with developing it by the early nineteen seventies. Henry Heimlich won the Albert Lasker Public Service Award in nineteen eighty-four.

Doctor Heimlich has described the maneuver as also an effective way to save people from drowning. He says the pushing action forces water out of the lungs. The American Red Cross and the American Heart Association disagree.

The heart association says there is evidence to suggest that the Heimlich Maneuver could do more harm than good to victims of a near-drowning. It says that at the very least, using the maneuver could delay other methods to start the victim breathing again. It says the maneuver should be used only in cases where the victim of a near-drowning is choking on an object.

VOICE TWO:

The American Red Cross has changed its advice for treating choking victims who are conscious. The group now says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones. These back blows may ease the choking.

If not, the Red Cross says, then do five abdominal thrusts. It says to repeat these two steps until the victim is able to breathe or speak.

One person who has criticized the new Red Cross guidelines is Henry Heimlich. He argues that back blows can make the choking worse. Doctor Heimlich is eighty-seven years old and lives in Cincinnati, Ohio.

VOICE ONE:

Something else: the American Red Cross has stopped using the name Heimlich Maneuver. It only uses the term abdominal thrusts. A spokeswoman for the American Heart Association says Heimlich Maneuver is a term that people remember and understand. But she says her organization only uses it sometimes.

The question of what to call the maneuver may be the result of a family dispute that has become highly public. A son of Doctor Heimlich has been leading a campaign against his father's work.

Peter Heimlich says most medical groups have discredited⁹ his father's work except the maneuver for choking. And he has been disputing that his father invented it by himself.

He told the Cincinnati Business Courier newspaper last year that he considers his father's ideas dangerous.

A spokesman for Henry Heimlich rejected what Peter Heimlich says. He called him an angry son.

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VOICE TWO:

CPR is cardiopulmonary resuscitation¹⁰. It forces air into the lungs and pumps blood and oxygen to the brain. Experts say it greatly increases the chances that a heart attack victim will survive, with little or no brain damage. CPR is also used for victims of drowning and other situations, like accidents.

The first step, after you call for medical help, is to point the victim's head back to open the air passages. Look to see if the person is breathing. If not, hold the person's nose closed and place your mouth over the victim's mouth. Give two breaths. Blow until you see the chest rise. Each breath should last about one second.

VOICE ONE:

If the victim has no heartbeat, the next step is to begin chest compressions. Place one hand over the other and press firmly on the center of the chest. Push down about five centimeters at a rate of about two times each second. Breathe two times into the victim's mouth for every thirty times you push down on the chest.

After a minute, check again to see if the person has a heartbeat and is breathing. If there is a heartbeat but no breathing, continue with rescue breaths only. Give one breath every five seconds.

If there is no heartbeat, then continue with rescue breaths and chest compressions until help arrives.

Chest compressions can also be used on a choking victim who is unconscious.

VOICE TWO:

CPR training these days will likely include advice to use a protective barrier during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. There are special masks for this purpose that can help prevent the spread of disease. Some trainers say that even blowing through a piece of cloth like a shirt is better than no protection at all. But some tell people to perform mouth-to-mouth without a barrier mask only on a person they are sure is not infectious.

VOICE ONE:

CPR is not difficult to learn. Many organizations teach it. And most CPR training now includes how to use an automated¹¹ external defibrillator, or A.E.D. These devices, which are increasingly found in public places, have a recorded voice to guide the user. Defibrillators use electric shocks to try to correct an irregular heartbeat that can lead to sudden death.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Bacteria can enter the body through even the smallest cut in the skin. So medical experts advise people to treat all wounds. Clean the cut with soap and water and then cover it while it heals.

If bleeding does not stop quickly, use direct pressure. Place a clean piece of cloth on the wound and hold it firmly in place until the bleeding stops or medical help arrives.

A spokesman for the American College of Emergency Physicians says direct pressure should be kept on a wound for about twenty minutes. Doctor Richard O'Brien says victims may be able to do it themselves while others go for help.

Do not remove the cloth if the blood soaks through it. Instead, put another cloth on top and continue pressure. Use more pressure if the bleeding has not stopped after twenty minutes.

VOICE ONE:

In the past, people were advised to use a tourniquet¹² to stop severe bleeding. A tourniquet is made with a stick and a piece of cloth or a belt. The device is tied around an arm or leg to stop the flow of blood to the wound area.

But Doctor O'Brien says medical experts no longer support the use of tourniquets¹³ in most cases. He warns that tourniquets are dangerous because they can crush major arteries¹⁴ and nerves. He says a tourniquet should be used only if the wound is so severe that it represents an immediate¹⁵ threat to the victim's life. And even then, he says, it should be used for only five minutes.

VOICE TWO:

If a wound seems infected, let the victim rest. Physical activity can spread the infection. Treat the wound with a mixture of salt and water until medical help arrives. Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water. Place a clean cloth in the mixture and then put the cloth on the wound. But be sure not to burn the skin.

VOICE ONE:

To learn more about first aid, check with a hospital or a local organization like a Red Cross or Red Crescent society. There may be training classes offered in your area. And to learn more about science and health, go to www.unsv.com.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Nancy Steinbach and produced by Mario Ritter. I'm Shirley Griffith.

VOICE ONE:

And I'm Bob Doughty. Listen again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.

1 doughty   

adj.勇猛的，坚强的

参考例句：

• Most of successful men have the characteristics of contumacy and doughty.绝大多数成功人士都有共同的特质：脾气倔强，性格刚强。
• The doughty old man battled his illness with fierce determination.坚强的老人用巨大毅力与疾病作斗争。

2 vomits   

呕吐物( vomit的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• A baby vomits milk from repletion. 婴儿吃饱会吐奶。
• An active volcano vomits forth smoke and lava. 活火山喷出烟雾和熔岩。

3 vomiting   

吐

参考例句：

• Symptoms include diarrhoea and vomiting. 症状有腹泻和呕吐。
• Especially when I feel seasick, I can't stand watching someone else vomiting." 尤其晕船的时候，看不得人家呕。”

4 syrup   

n.糖浆，糖水

参考例句：

• I skimmed the foam from the boiling syrup.我撇去了煮沸糖浆上的泡沫。
• Tinned fruit usually has a lot of syrup with it.罐头水果通常都有许多糖浆。

5 maneuver   

n.策略[pl.]演习；v.(巧妙)控制；用策略

参考例句：

• All the fighters landed safely on the airport after the military maneuver.在军事演习后，所有战斗机都安全降落在机场上。
• I did get her attention with this maneuver.我用这个策略确实引起了她的注意。

6 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

7 ribs   

n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹

参考例句：

• He suffered cracked ribs and bruising. 他断了肋骨还有挫伤。
• Make a small incision below the ribs. 在肋骨下方切开一个小口。

8 abdominal   

adj.腹（部）的，下腹的；n.腹肌

参考例句：

• The abdominal aorta is normally smaller than the thoracic aorta.腹主动脉一般比胸主动脉小。
• Abdominal tissues sometimes adhere after an operation.手术之后腹部有时会出现粘连。

9 discredited   

不足信的，不名誉的

参考例句：

• The reactionary authorities are between two fires and have been discredited. 反动当局弄得进退维谷，不得人心。
• Her honour was discredited in the newspapers. 她的名声被报纸败坏了。

10 resuscitation   

n.复活

参考例句：

• Despite attempts at resuscitation,Mr Lynch died a week later in hospital.虽经全力抢救，但林奇先生一周以后还是在医院去世了。
• We gave him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and heart massage.我们对他进行了口对口复苏救治和心脏按摩。

11 automated   

a.自动化的

参考例句：

• The entire manufacturing process has been automated. 整个生产过程已自动化。
• Automated Highway System (AHS) is recently regarded as one subsystem of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). 近年来自动公路系统(Automated Highway System,AHS)，作为智能运输系统的子系统之一越来越受到重视。

12 tourniquet   

n.止血器，绞压器，驱血带

参考例句：

• Twist the tourniquet tighter.把止血带扎紧点。
• The tourniquet should occlude venous and lymphatic return.止血带应阻断静脉及淋巴回流。

13 tourniquets   

n.止血带( tourniquet的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Can tourniquets be used in patients with sickle cell disease? 止血带能否用于镰状细胞病患者？ 来自互联网
• Fig. 1-1 A, Straight (rectangular) tourniquets fit optimally on cylindrical limbs. 图1-1A直（长方形）止血带最适合用于柱状的肢体。 来自互联网

14 arteries   

n.动脉( artery的名词复数 )；干线，要道

参考例句：

• Even grafting new blood vessels in place of the diseased coronary arteries has been tried. 甚至移植新血管代替不健康的冠状动脉的方法都已经试过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• This is the place where the three main arteries of West London traffic met. 这就是伦敦西部三条主要交通干线的交汇处。 来自《简明英汉词典》

15 immediate   

adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的

参考例句：

• His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
• We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。