VOA慢速英语2018 科学家对塞卡病毒和婴儿了解有多少

What Scientists Do and Do Not Know About Zika and Babies

Three years ago, Brazil experienced a major sudden spread of the Zika virus. Doctors learned that the sickness can cause severe development problems for unborn babies.

3年前，巴西经历了一场突如其来的塞卡病毒爆发事件。医生发现这种疾病会造成未出生婴儿出现严重的成长问题。

Here is a look at what scientists know today about Zika and its effect on fetuses¹.

以下是当今科学家对塞卡病毒及其对胎儿影响的了解。 

Zika began spreading in Brazil in April 2015.

2015年4月塞卡病毒开始在巴西传播。 

The country’s Ministry² of Health recorded more than 260,000 probable cases in 2016. It also recorded in the first two years more than 2,500 cases of babies born with very small heads, or microcephaly, and other problems linked to Zika.

据巴西国家卫生部记载，2016年出现了26万多例疑似病情。它还记载到，病毒爆发前两年，有2500多名婴儿出生时头非常小，或者说患有小头症，以及出现了其他与塞卡病毒相关的问题。

The numbers dropped sharply in 2017, with fewer than 18,000 Zika cases and 300 cases of microcephaly.

2017年，这一数字急速下降，还剩不到1.8万个塞卡病毒感染病例和300例小头症患者。 

So far this year, Brazil has seen about 2,200 cases of Zika and 20 cases of microcephaly and other developmental abnormalities.

截止到今年，巴西已有约2200例塞卡病毒病例和20例小头症和其他生长异常患者。 

Many viruses, like rubella and HIV, can cause microcephaly. Exposure to poisonous chemicals can also cause it. Sometimes microcephaly is the result of abnormal genetics. Since the 2015 outbreak, a group of experts organized by the World Health Organization found that Zika is also a cause.

风疹和艾滋等许多病毒都会引起小头症。暴露在有害化学物质中也会引起这种疾病。有时小头症是因为基因异常。自2015年该病毒爆发，世界卫生组织就成立了一组专家，他们发现塞卡病毒也是一个起因。

But scientists noted³ that Zika appeared to lead to microcephaly more often in northeastern Brazil than it did in other places. They are still not sure why, said Ganeshwaran H. Mochida, a pediatric neurologist and researcher at Boston Children’s Hospital.

但科学家发现塞卡病毒在巴西东北部引起小头症的概率比其他地方法大。他们还并不了解为什么，波士顿儿童医院儿科神经学家研究者持田说道。

Scientists also wonder why an increase in microcephaly cases was not reported during past Zika events. It could be that an increase was not noticed, or that the events were not large enough to produce many brain abnormalities. One study has suggested that a recent mutation⁴ to the virus may have made it more likely to cause microcephaly.

科学家也想知道为什么以往出现的塞卡病毒事件中没有小头症病例增长的报道。可能是因为没有注意到增长，或者是因为事件不足以产生许多大脑畸形病例。一项研究暗示，病毒最近发生的突变可能更易引发小头症。

Mochida said, "This may not be the whole story...I don’t think that this explains everything."

持田表示：“这可能不是所有原因，我不认为这可以解释所有事情。” 

Children with microcephaly can have substantial nervous system disabilities that affect vision and hearing. Some will never learn to walk or speak. Scientists are still studying the effects of less severe cases. Microcephaly does not necessarily reduce a person’s life expectancy⁵, but it can lead to other problems that do. For example, many children have trouble swallowing, which makes them likely to breathe liquid or food into their lungs. This can lead to the lung disease pneumonia⁶.

患有小头症的儿童会出现严重的神经系统障碍，这会影响视力和听觉。有些还会影响行动或说话。科学家仍在研究较轻病例的影响。小头症并不一定会减短人的寿命，但是会引起其他问题。例如，许多儿童出现吞咽问题，这会让他们将液体或事物吞入肺中，引起肺炎。

Zika has also been linked to other problems in babies, like seizures⁸, restricted ability to move and poor balance. Scientists are still trying to learn if Zika may cause problems that appear later in a child’s life, even for a baby who appeared healthy at birth.

现在已知塞卡病毒还与其他婴儿疾病相关，如癫痫，它会影响移动能力和平衡感。科学家仍在试图了解塞卡病毒是否还会在孩子之后的生命中引发问题，甚至是出生时看起来健康的儿童。

No vaccine⁹ is currently on the market, though several are being developed. Scientists at the U.S. National Institute of Allergy¹⁰ and Infectious Diseases have developed the best possible vaccine so far. It is being tested in 16 places in the United States, the Caribbean and Latin America.

现在市场上还没有任何疫苗，虽然已有几种正在研制中。美国国家过敏和感染病研究所的科学家研发出了目前最好的疫苗。已在美国、加勒比海地区和拉丁美洲16个国家进行试验。

Dr. Anthony Fauci is director of the agency. He said approval for the vaccine could come in 18 months if scientists get data from a future outbreak. Barring that, approval could take three or more years.

福西博士是该机构的一名主任。他表示，如果科学家从未来的爆发中得到了数据，那么这种疫苗18个月后就可获得批准。如果没有获得数据，那就需要3年或更多年才能获得批准。

Words in This Story

pediatric - adj. of or relating to the medical care or illnesses of children

neurologist - n. a doctor who studies the nervous system and the diseases that affect it

mutation - n. a change in the genes¹¹ of a plant or animal that causes physical characteristics that are different from what is normal

seizure⁷ - n. an abnormal state in which you become unconscious and your body moves in an uncontrolled and violent way

1 fetuses   

n.胎，胎儿( fetus的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• DNA was extracted from fetuses at mid-gestation, about 10 days past conception. DNA从受孕大约10天后的中期妊娠胚胎中提取。 来自互联网
• Brucellosis is a disease that causes fetuses to abort in cattle. 普鲁士菌病是一种可以导致牲畜胎儿夭折的疾病。 来自互联网

2 ministry   

n.(政府的)部；牧师

参考例句：

• They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
• We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。

3 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

4 mutation   

n.变化，变异，转变

参考例句：

• People who have this mutation need less sleep than others.有这种突变的人需要的睡眠比其他人少。
• So far the discussion has centered entirely around mutation in the strict sense.到目前为止，严格来讲，讨论完全集中于围绕突变问题上。

5 expectancy   

n.期望，预期，（根据概率统计求得）预期数额

参考例句：

• Japanese people have a very high life expectancy.日本人的平均寿命非常长。
• The atomosphere of tense expectancy sobered everyone.这种期望的紧张气氛使每个人变得严肃起来。

6 pneumonia   

n.肺炎

参考例句：

• Cage was struck with pneumonia in her youth.凯奇年轻时得过肺炎。
• Pneumonia carried him off last week.肺炎上星期夺去了他的生命。

7 seizure   

n.没收；占有；抵押

参考例句：

• The seizure of contraband is made by customs.那些走私品是被海关没收的。
• The courts ordered the seizure of all her property.法院下令查封她所有的财产。

8 seizures   

n.起获( seizure的名词复数 )；没收；充公；起获的赃物

参考例句：

• Seizures of illicit drugs have increased by 30% this year. 今年违禁药品的扣押增长了30%。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Other causes of unconsciousness predisposing to aspiration lung abscess are convulsive seizures. 造成吸入性肺脓肿昏迷的其他原因，有惊厥发作。 来自辞典例句

9 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

10 allergy   

n.(因食物、药物等而引起的)过敏症

参考例句：

• He developed an allergy to pollen.他对花粉过敏。
• The patient had an allergy to penicillin.该患者对青霉素过敏。

11 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪