VOA日常语法2024--Large Numbers, Count Nouns in the News

We have a question for you. What do countries, economies, mathematics, and the news have in common?

There are several ways to answer the question. But today we are thinking about this connection: large numbers.

Large numbers, say, a million and up, appear all the time in everyday situations and especially in news reports. These large numbers come along with a kind of noun known as a count noun.

In today's Everyday Grammar, we will learn about the history and usage¹ of large numbers. We will look at some modern examples and then give you a chance to practice writing about large numbers.

Let's begin our story with the word "million." It has a connection with a thousand, as we will see. But first, we make a trip to the ancient past.

Definitions and history

We can clean off the dusty books of history and find clues about the beginnings of "million." We see "mille," a Latin word which suggests a thousand.

We find evidence of "mille" through time. We have the Italian "millione" and "million" in Old French. We find "million" in English, appearing around the late 1300s, with the meaning of a thousand thousands.

"Million" serves as the starting point for even larger numbers to come. We get a "billion," a word that mixes "bi-", a word element that suggests the idea of two, with the word "million."

Later, we get "trillion," a word that mixes "tri-," a word element that suggests three, and the word "million."

The story of large numbers in English is complex. There are so-called long and short-scale systems. But you do not need to worry about such issues. For our purposes, we can use the modern American definitions from Merriam Webster.

We arrive at these definitions: a million is equal to 1,000 times 1,000; a billion is equal to 1,000 times one million; a trillion is equal to 1,000 times one billion.

The central idea is to define² bigger numbers like a million, billion, or trillion based on some relationship with one thousand.

Usage

Now that we have some definitions in mind, we can turn to some questions.

Why might large numbers matter?

Here is one answer: large numbers - millions, billions, trillions - appear all the time in the news. The large number is often what draws attention or creates interest.

You might also be wondering how this discussion of large numbers connects to grammar.

Here, the idea is less about the numbers themselves and more about the things - in this case, the nouns - that the numbers describe. In particular, we use these large numbers to describe count nouns - nouns that we are able to count with numbers.

And in the news, there are several count nouns commonly used with large numbers: dollars, people, and years.

Here are a few examples:

Dollars

Consider this headline published earlier this year by VOA News:

US National Debt Hits Record $34 Trillion as Congress Gears³ up for Funding Fight

Here, we have the number, 34 trillion, describing a count noun: dollars. The dollar is the official money of the United States. But news stories in your country might use other kinds of money such as the euro, the peso, and so on.

News stories about trade, finance⁴, and economies are very likely to contain this structure: large number + the name of the currency.

Years

Now consider this section from a science story that recently appeared on the VOA Learning English website:

Marine⁵ reptiles⁶ lived in the world's oceans at the same time that dinosaurs⁷ lived on the land. Ichthyosaurs disappeared 90 million years ago.

In this example, we have the large number 90 million describing the count noun "years." Science stories - particularly stories about ancient times and outer space - often center on a point in time long ago. So, keep an eye out for this structure: large number + years (or years ago).

People

Finally, let's consider a short example from another VOA Learning English report. The subject this time is an English test. We learn about the number of people who took the test:

The 2023 EF English Proficiency⁸ Index (EPI) ranks countries and areas by English proficiency. The index is based on test results from 2.2 million people in 113 countries.

Here, we have the number 2.2 million describing the count noun "people."

Stories about studies, elections, populations, and so on, often involve this structure: large number + people.

Closing thoughts and call to action

In today's lesson, we covered a lot of territory. We looked into the past and explored the present. And, we can report that we used about 800 words to present the subject of large numbers and count nouns.

We will end today's lesson with a call to action. We would like you to link the ideas we have explored with something connected to your country.

Please write us 1-2 sentences about a large number - million, billion, or trillion - that connects with an event or situation in your country or area. For example, you might write "My country's GDP is around 10 trillion dollars," or "My government spends 100 billion dollars on health care."

Words in This Story

count noun - n. a noun that forms a plural and is used with a numeral

gear up for - phrasal verb - to prepare; get ready for

1 usage   

n.惯用法，使用，用法

参考例句：

• I am clear about the usage of this word at last.这个词的用法我算是弄明白了。
• The usage is now firmly established.这种用法现已得到确认。

2 define   

vt.解释，下定义，阐述，限定，规定

参考例句：

• Please define the words.请解释这些字的意义。
• It's hard to define exactly what has changed.很难解释清楚到底发生了什么变化。

3 gears   

n.齿轮( gear的名词复数 )；装备；挡；（做某事的）速度

参考例句：

• Careless use of the clutch may damage the gears. 离合器使用不慎可能会损坏传动装置。
• A car has five gears. 汽车有五挡。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 finance   

n.财务管理，财政，金融，财源，资金

参考例句：

• She is an expert in finance.她是一名财政专家。
• A finance house made a bid to buy up the entire company.一家信贷公司出价买下了整个公司。

5 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

6 reptiles   

n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Snakes and crocodiles are both reptiles. 蛇和鳄鱼都是爬行动物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Birds, reptiles and insects come from eggs. 鸟类、爬虫及昆虫是卵生的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

7 dinosaurs   

n.恐龙( dinosaur的名词复数 )；守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西

参考例句：

• The brontosaurus was one of the largest of all dinosaurs. 雷龙是所有恐龙中最大的一种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. 恐龙绝种已有几百万年了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 proficiency   

n.精通，熟练，精练

参考例句：

• He plied his trade and gained proficiency in it.他勤习手艺，技术渐渐达到了十分娴熟的地步。
• How do you think of your proficiency in written and spoken English?你认为你的书面英语和口语熟练程度如何？