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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
EXPLORATIONS2 - One of the World’s Natural Wonders: the Grand3 Canyon4
By Oliver Chanler
Broadcast: Wednesday, June 15, 2005
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VOICE ONE:
This is Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Shirley Griffith with the VOA Special English program EXPLORATIONS. Today, we tell about a famous natural place, the Grand Canyon.
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VOICE ONE:
In late September, fifteen forty, a group of Spanish explorers5 led by Captain Garcia Lopez de Cardenas came to a stop. For weeks they had walked north across the great southwestern American desert. The land was dry. The sun was hot. They were searching for seven golden6 cities that they had been told about. There was not much to see on this land, just the far-away line where the sky meets the ground.
The Grand Canyon
Suddenly, they came to the edge7 of what seemed to be a huge cut in the Earth. There seemed to be no way to walk around this deep canyon. It stretched below them into the distance, to their left and right, as far as they could see. Below them and across from where they stood were strange shapes of yellow, red, brown and black rocks and stone.
VOICE TWO:
A small, muddy8 river appeared to be flowing at the bottom. Captain Cardenas ordered three of his soldiers to climb down the side of the canyon to see if they could find a way to cross to the other side. The three climbed about one-third of the way down. They found that the canyon was much deeper than they thought, so they climbed back up.
Captain Cardenas and his group turned back to the south. Today, history recognizes them as the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon, formed by the Colorado River. They had reached a place that today is considered one of the most beautiful, strange, and interesting places in the world.
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VOICE ONE:
European explorers did not return to the Grand Canyon for more than two centuries. Instead, native peoples continued to live there, as they had for hundreds, some of them for thousands of years.
In seventeen seventy-six, two Spanish clergymen were seeking a way to travel from Santa Fe, in what is now New Mexico, to Monterey, California9 on the west coast of North America. Father Francisco Escalante and another clergyman were unsuccessful in their search. However, they re-discovered the Grand Canyon.
VOICE TWO:
During the nineteenth century, the population of the United10 States was expanding rapidly11 to the west. The Grand Canyon was considered a barrier12 to travelers. Only two places had been found where the river is low enough to cross.
As settlers moved west, the United States government wanted more information about western territories14. Much of the Grand Canyon was unknown. The words "Unknown Territory16" were written on maps that showed the area.
VOICE ONE:
In May, eighteen sixty-nine, Major John Wesley Powell and nine others began the first full exploration1 of the Colorado River. They put four wooden boats into the water at Green River Station in Wyoming. They began their trip to where the Green River joined the Colorado River. Major Powell wrote in his book that they were beginning "the trip down the Great Unknown".
Major Powell had served in the Union army during the American Civil War. He lost his right arm in a battle during the war. After the war he became a professor of geology17 at Illinois Wesleyan University. He also studied paleontology, the science of life existing in different periods of Earth's history. And he became expert in ethnology, the study of different cultures. He was the right person to explore the Grand Canyon. He was someone who could describe the geology of the area, as well as learn about the American Indians who had begun living in the canyon as many as nine thousand years ago. Several of those tribes18 still consider the Grand Canyon their home.
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VOICE TWO:
The geology of the Grand Canyon is like a history of the formation13 of the Earth. During millions of years, water, ice, and wind formed the canyon. Although the Grand Canyon is in the middle of a desert, water plays an important part in the way the land looks. The sun shines bright and hot almost every day. It makes the soil hard. When rain does come, it cannot sink into the soil. Instead it flows to the Colorado River.
Often, heavy rains cause violent19 floods along small rivers and streams that flow into the Colorado. These floods move huge amounts of soil and sometimes stones as big as houses. All of this material falls into the river and then is pushed along by the rapidly flowing river. This way the river slowly digs20 itself deeper into the rock surface of the Earth. The Colorado has been doing this for millions of years.
You can see in the sides of the Grand Canyon different kinds of rock at different levels. Each of the eighteen levels was formed during a different period of Earth's history.
VOICE ONE:
The ancestor21 of the Colorado River began flowing about seventy million years ago. After it began flowing, volcano22 explosions23 and other natural events changed the river's path many times.
About seventeen million years ago, pressures deep in the Earth pushed up the land through which the river flowed. The river continued to flow through the area, cutting deeper into the rock.
The Grand Canyon is twenty-nine kilometers across at the widest place, and more than one and one-half kilometers deep. At the bottom of the Grand Canyon, where the river flows today, the rock is almost two thousand million years old.
VOICE TWO:
In eighteen sixty-nine, not many people expected John Wesley Powell and his team of explorers to survive the trip through the Grand Canyon. No one had ever done it before.
There are many dangers on the fast-moving river. Rocks hidden under the water can smash24 small boats. In places where the river is narrow, the water becomes violent as it rushes between high rock walls. Also, there are rapids of fast moving water in places where the river drops to a lower25 level. In some places, strong currents26 can push a boat into rocks in the water, or against the walls of the canyon.
Major Powell knew the trip would be dangerous. When the boats came near a rapid, he and his crew27 would stop. Sometimes they decided28 to go through by rowing the boats with their oars29, as they did in calm water. At other times they carried the boats and all their equipment around dangerous rapids. Major Powell wrote every day in a book about what they did and saw. This is how he described the difficulties30 of one day:
VOICE THREE:
"We carried the boats around rapids two times this morning... During the afternoon we ran a narrow part of the river, more than half a mile in length, narrow and rapid. We float on water that is flowing down a gliding31 plane. At the bottom of the narrow part of the river, the river turns sharply32 to the right, and the water rolls up against a rock that seems to be in the middle of the stream. We pull with all our power to the right, but it seems impossible to avoid being carried against the cliff33, and we are carried up high on the waves – not against the rocks, for the water strikes us and we are pushed back and pass on with safety..."
VOICE ONE:
More than three months after starting, Major Powell and his group reached the end of the Grand Canyon. Three men had left the group earlier and were never seen again. Two of the men in the group continued down the river to the sea, becoming the first people known15 to have traveled the entire length of the Colorado River.
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VOICE TWO:
Today, the Grand Canyon is in a national park. About five million people visit it each year. They stop at its edge and look in wonder at a place that can create great emotions in those seeing it. Others walk down the many paths into the canyon.
Some ride rubber boats down the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon. River guides are experts at taking the boats through the most violent rapids. This activity, called white-water rafting, is very popular.
VOICE ONE:
Generally, the trip takes about two weeks in boats that carry three or four people. Bigger boats with motors34 that carry about twenty people can make the trip in several days. As people float down the river, they see the many wonderful and strange shapes created by the forces of nature. They may see animals, such as bighorn sheep, and coyotes. They experience the excitement of traveling through white-water rapids, and sleeping under the stars.
The sound of the river is always present, sometimes loud, sometimes soft. After several days traveling on and sleeping near the river as it flows through the Grand Canyon, many visitors say they feel their cares and worries leave them. Their concerns are replaced by a feeling of wonder about the canyon and the powers of nature.
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VOICE TWO:
This program was written by Oliver Chanler and produced by Paul Thompson. This is Shirley Griffith.
VOICE ONE:
And this is Steve Ember. Join us again next week for another EXPLORATIONS program in Special English on the Voice of America.
1 exploration | |
n.探险,踏勘,探测 | |
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2 explorations | |
探险旅行( exploration的名词复数 ); 搜寻; 考察; 勘探 | |
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3 grand | |
adj.豪华的,宏伟的,壮丽的,主要的,重大的;n.(美俚)一千美元 | |
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4 canyon | |
n.峡谷,溪谷 | |
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5 explorers | |
n.探险家,勘探者( explorer的名词复数 ) | |
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6 golden | |
adj.金的,含金的,可贵的,金色的,贵重的,繁盛的 | |
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7 edge | |
n.边(缘);刃;优势;v.侧着移动,徐徐移动 | |
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8 muddy | |
adj.泥泞的,污的,肮脏的;vt.使污浊,使沾上泥污 | |
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9 California | |
n.加利福尼亚(美国) | |
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10 united | |
adj.和谐的;团结的;联合的,统一的 | |
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11 rapidly | |
adv.快地,迅速地 | |
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12 barrier | |
n.栅栏,障碍,壁垒,关卡 | |
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13 formation | |
n.形成,组成;形成物,结构;队形,排列 | |
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14 territories | |
n.领土( territory的名词复数 );(某人负责的)地区;(个人、群体、动物等占据的)领域;地盘 | |
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15 known | |
adj.大家知道的;知名的,已知的 | |
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16 territory | |
n.领土,领地,版图,地区,活动范围 | |
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17 geology | |
n.地质学,(某地)地质 | |
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18 tribes | |
n.部落( tribe的名词复数 );(动、植物的)族;(一)帮;大群 | |
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19 violent | |
adj.暴力的,猛烈的,激烈的,极端的,凶暴的,歪曲的 | |
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20 digs | |
n.寓所,住处v.挖,掘( dig的第三人称单数 );(如用铲、锨或推土机等)挖掘;挖得;寻找 | |
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21 ancestor | |
n.祖先;祖宗 | |
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22 volcano | |
n.火山 | |
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23 explosions | |
爆炸( explosion的名词复数 ); 爆发; 激增; (感情,尤指愤怒的)突然爆发 | |
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24 smash | |
v.粉碎,打碎;n.轰动的演出,巨大的成功 | |
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25 lower | |
adj.较低的;地位较低的,低等的;低年级的;下游的;vt.放下,降下,放低;减低 | |
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26 currents | |
电流( current的名词复数 ); 水流; 流速 | |
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27 crew | |
n.全体船员,全体乘务员;vi.一起工作 | |
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28 decided | |
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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29 oars | |
n.桨,橹( oar的名词复数 );划手v.划(行)( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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30 difficulties | |
n.困难( difficulty的名词复数 );难度;难事;麻烦 | |
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31 gliding | |
v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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32 sharply | |
adj.锐利地,急速;adv.严厉地,鲜明地 | |
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33 cliff | |
n.悬崖,峭壁 | |
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34 motors | |
n.马达,发动机( motor的名词复数 ) | |
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