VOA常速英语2019--阿富汗和巴基斯坦根除不了骨髓灰质炎

Administering the polio vaccine¹ is a simple procedure, but in partsof the world, vaccinators risk their lives to protect children from lifelongparalysis.

接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗是个简单的程序，但世界上有些地方，疫苗接种者冒着生命危险来保护儿童，以防终身瘫痪。

Earlier this year, vaccinations³ stopped during a tribal⁴ protest inPakistan, polio workers were attacked, harassed⁵ and killed after anti-vaccinerumors spread on social media and as a result the number of polio casesincreased. Yet despite the dangers, many workers persist in their efforts toend polio. It mostly affects children 5 and under. And since 1988, when theglobal effort to eradicate⁶ polio started, the number of cases has declined by99.9%. In 2018, only two countries Pakistan and Afghanistan reported cases ofthe wild polio virus.

今年早些时候，巴基斯坦部落抗议停止疫苗接种，反疫苗的谣言在社交媒体上大肆传播，脊髓灰质炎工作人员遭到攻击、骚扰和杀害，最后，得脊髓灰质炎的人数量增加。然而，尽管有危险，许多工人仍坚持努力消灭脊髓灰质炎。它主要影响五岁及五岁以下儿童。自1988年全球根除脊髓灰质炎的努力开始，病例数下降99.9%。2018年，只有巴基斯坦和阿富汗报告了野生脊髓灰质炎病毒病例。

In Pakistan and Afghanistan, clean water is hard to come by, makingit harder to eradicate the virus. It spreads through tainted⁷ water and becauseof poor hygiene⁸. That two samples are telling us that there is a polio virusaround that’s a danger sign, that is a red line, and it can only becircumvented when we are giving polio drops to everybody around.

在巴基斯坦和阿富汗，干净的水很难获取，使得根除病毒更加困难。由于不卫生，它通过受污染的水传播。那两个国家的样本告诉我们周围有脊髓灰质炎病毒，这是个危险信号，这是条红线，只有当我们给周围每个人注射脊髓灰质炎疫苗后，它才能被绕过。

To prevent children from getting polio, they need to be vaccinatedand revaccinated especially where there’s poor sanitation¹⁰. In thoseenvironments with frequent infections, about 15 times doses is what isconsidered adequate. One of the problems in Pakistan and Afghanistan is gettingto the children. Many families migrate back and forth¹¹ between the countries,making it hard to vaccinate⁹ every single child.

为了防止儿童感染脊髓灰质炎，他们需要接种疫苗，尤其是在卫生条件差的地方需要复种。在那些频繁感染的环境中，大约15倍的剂量就足够。巴基斯坦和阿富汗的问题之一是涉及到儿童。许多家庭在这些国家之间来回搬家，所以很难给每个孩子接种疫苗。

The virus was in one country and both countries need to worktogether and they’re increasingly doing that, and sharing data and coordinatingdates for vaccination² campaigns and sharing surveillance data and all of thatis having is having an impact. The goal is to end transmission of the wildpolio virus.

病毒在一个国家，并且两国需要合作，而且他们正在越来越多地这样做，共享数据，协调疫苗接种活动的日期，共享监测数据，所有这些都产生了影响。目标是结束野生脊髓灰质炎病毒的传播。

There’s no set end date but getting to the end is essential. Unlessyou get to zero cases because it’s such a contagious¹² disease and an epidemicprone disease we run the risk that it will spread again globally. Success is byno means assured, but the Global Polio Eradication¹³ Initiative intends tocontinue its campaign until no child ever again gets polio.

没有固定结束日期，但到达目标至关重要。 除非没有病例，因为这是一种传染性疾病，是一种容易流行的疾病，我们面临着它将再次进行全球传播的风险。虽然不能确保成功，但全球根除脊髓灰质炎行动计划打算继续持续下去，直到不再有儿童患脊髓灰质炎。

1 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

2 vaccination   

n.接种疫苗，种痘

参考例句：

• Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.种痘是预防天花的方法。
• Doctors suggest getting a tetanus vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年注射一次破伤风疫苗。

3 vaccinations   

n.种痘，接种( vaccination的名词复数 )；牛痘疤

参考例句：

• Vaccinations ensure one against diseases. 接种疫苗可以预防疾病。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I read some publicity about vaccinations while waiting my turn at the doctor's. 在医生那儿候诊时，我读了一些关于接种疫苗的宣传。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 tribal   

adj.部族的，种族的

参考例句：

• He became skilled in several tribal lingoes.他精通几种部族的语言。
• The country was torn apart by fierce tribal hostilities.那个国家被部落间的激烈冲突弄得四分五裂。

5 harassed   

adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He has complained of being harassed by the police. 他投诉受到警方侵扰。
• harassed mothers with their children 带着孩子的疲惫不堪的母亲们

6 eradicate   

v.根除，消灭，杜绝

参考例句：

• These insects are very difficult to eradicate.这些昆虫很难根除。
• They are already battling to eradicate illnesses such as malaria and tetanus.他们已经在努力消灭疟疾、破伤风等疾病。

7 tainted   

adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏

参考例句：

• The administration was tainted with scandal. 丑闻使得政府声名狼藉。
• He was considered tainted by association with the corrupt regime. 他因与腐败政府有牵连而名誉受损。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 hygiene   

n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic）

参考例句：

• Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗知识。
• He's going to give us a lecture on public hygiene.他要给我们作关于公共卫生方面的报告。

9 vaccinate   

vt.给…接种疫苗；种牛痘

参考例句：

• Local health officials then can plan the best times to vaccinate people.这样，当地的卫生官员就可以安排最佳时间给人们接种疫苗。
• Doctors vaccinate us so that we do not catch smallpox.医生给我们打预防针使我们不会得天花。

10 sanitation   

n.公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备

参考例句：

• The location is exceptionally poor,viewed from the sanitation point.从卫生角度来看，这个地段非常糟糕。
• Many illnesses are the result,f inadequate sanitation.许多疾病都来源于不健全的卫生设施。

11 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

12 contagious   

adj.传染性的，有感染力的

参考例句：

• It's a highly contagious infection.这种病极易传染。
• He's got a contagious laugh.他的笑富有感染力。

13 eradication   

n.根除

参考例句：

• The eradication of an established infestation is not easy. 根除昆虫蔓延是不容易的。
• This is often required for intelligent control and eradication. 这经常需要灵巧的控制与消除。