经济学人:反其道而行 土耳其的面纱自由

 　　International

　　国际

　　Headscarves in Turkey: Undercover

　　土耳其的头巾：面纱之下

　　The veil makes a come back.

　　面纱重现

　　As other countries move to ban Muslim head coverings, Turkey is going the opposite way.

　　当其他国家正执行穆斯林头巾禁令时，土耳其却反其道而行。

　　Women have been free to wear headscarves at state universities since 2011, and in parliament since 2013.

　　自2011年以来，女性可以不受限制地在公立大学戴头巾，并且从2013年开始女性可以戴头巾进入国会。

　　Last August policewomen were allowed to cover their heads; in November a ban on headscarves among civilian¹ defence staff was lifted.

　　去年八月份允许女警察戴头巾；11月份解除了民事国防人员不得戴头巾的禁令。

　　In 1925 Kemal Ataturk, Turkey’s first president, declared that a “civilised, international dress” was “worthy and appropriate” for the new republic.

　　1925年土耳其第一任总统凯末尔·阿塔图尔克宣布：“文明且与国际接轨的着装“是与新共和国”相称且恰当的“。

　　For men, this meant Western shoes, trousers, shirts and ties—in with the bowler² and out with the fez.

　　这意味着男子要西装革履——废除费兹帽并改戴常礼帽。

　　Women were urged to follow European fashion, dance the foxtrot and work in the professions.

　　鼓励女子跟随欧州时尚，跳狐步舞并进入各行各业工作。

　　In 1934 Turkey let women vote and banned the wearing of the Islamic veil.

　　1934年土耳其允许妇女投票并禁止佩戴穆斯林面纱。

　　Curbs³ on religious garb⁴ were tightened⁵ in the 1990s.

　　二十世纪九十年代对宗教服装的限制更加严格。

　　Fatma Benli, a lawyer and parliamentarian, remembers being asked to remove her scarf before defending her dissertation⁶ in the late 1990s.

　　作为一名律师和国会议员，Fatma Benli记得九十年代末她在论文答辩前被要求除去头巾。

　　In 1999 an MP who came to parliament in a headscarf was booed out.

　　1999年一位国会议员因戴头巾进入国会而被赶了出去。

　　That began to change after 2002, as the Justice and Development (AK) party consolidated⁷ power.

　　随着正义与发展(AK)党巩固权利，自2002年后情况开始改变。

　　Today 21 covered women sit in parliament.

　　今天有21位戴头巾的女性在国会占据席位。

　　Critics say the AK party has promoted veiling by preferring veiled job applicants⁸ and conservative groups.

　　批评家说AK党通过倾向选择遮面的求职者和保守团体，从而促使妇女去戴头巾。

　　Binnaz Toprak, a sociologist⁹ and opposition¹⁰ politician, has found that some women, especially in the public sector¹¹, wear the scarf to further their careers.

　　社会学家和反对党政客Binnaz Toprak发现有些女性通过戴头巾以求升职，这种情况在公共部门尤其严重。

　　Some secularists see a link between stricter Islamic dress norms and increased violence against women.

　　一些世俗主义者看到在更严格的伊斯兰着装规范与对女性暴力的增加之间的联系。

　　In September a nurse in Istanbul was kicked in the face by a man enraged¹² at her shorts.

　　九月份，在伊斯坦布尔，由于被一名护士身着短裤激怒，一名男子踢伤了这名护士。

　　He was quickly released, to be rearrested only after an outcry.

　　该男子很快就被释放，但在一片抗议声中再次入狱。

　　At a protest several weeks later a teenage student, Oznur, complained about a hostile climate in the district where she lives: “We can’t walk on our own in the evening without being harassed¹³.”

　　在几周后的一次抗议活动中，一名青少年学生Oznur抱怨她生活地区怀有恶意的风气：“我们在晚上穿着随意出门总会被骚扰。”

　　She and her friends wanted neither a return to Kemalist dress codes nor their replacement¹⁴ by Islamic ones.

　　她和朋友既不希望回到基马尔式的着装规范，也不希望它被伊斯兰式的所代替。

　　The state, she said, has no business telling women what they should wear.

　　她声称这个国家无权对妇女的穿着进行干涉。

　　1.public sector 公共部门

　　例句:Public sector pay is also in line to be hit hard.

　　公共部门的薪资也很可能受到重创。

　　2.dress codes 着装规范

　　例句:One of the best clues to company dress codes is what your boss wears.

　　公司着装样式最好的线索就是你上司的穿着。

　　3.job applicants 职业申请者

　　例句:Job applicants have to submit a specimen¹⁵ of handwriting.

　　求职者必须要提交一份笔迹样本。

　　4.come back 回来；恢复原状

　　例句:When I thought about it, it all came back.

　　当我回想起来，往事全都涌上了心头。

1 civilian   

adj.平民的，民用的，民众的

参考例句：

• There is no reliable information about civilian casualties.关于平民的伤亡还没有确凿的信息。
• He resigned his commission to take up a civilian job.他辞去军职而从事平民工作。

2 bowler   

n.打保龄球的人，（板球的）投（球）手

参考例句：

• The bowler judged it well,timing the ball to perfection.投球手判断准确，对球速的掌握恰到好处。
• The captain decided to take Snow off and try a slower bowler.队长决定把斯诺撤下，换一个动作慢一点的投球手试一试。

3 curbs   

v.限制，克制，抑制( curb的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• In executing his functions he is not bound by any legal curbs on his power. 在他履行职务时，他的权力是不受任何法律约束的。 来自辞典例句
• Curbs on air travel were being worked out and would shortly be announced. 限制航空旅行的有关规定正在拟定中，不久即将公布。 来自辞典例句

4 garb   

n.服装，装束

参考例句：

• He wore the garb of a general.他身着将军的制服。
• Certain political,social,and legal forms reappear in seemingly different garb.一些政治、社会和法律的形式在表面不同的外衣下重复出现。

5 tightened   

收紧( tighten的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）变紧； （使）绷紧； 加紧

参考例句：

• The rope holding the boat suddenly tightened and broke. 系船的绳子突然绷断了。
• His index finger tightened on the trigger but then relaxed again. 他的食指扣住扳机，然后又松开了。

6 dissertation   

n.（博士学位）论文，学术演讲，专题论文

参考例句：

• He is currently writing a dissertation on the Somali civil war.他目前正在写一篇关于索马里内战的论文。
• He was involved in writing his doctoral dissertation.他在聚精会神地写他的博士论文。

7 consolidated   

a.联合的

参考例句：

• With this new movie he has consolidated his position as the country's leading director. 他新执导的影片巩固了他作为全国最佳导演的地位。
• Those two banks have consolidated and formed a single large bank. 那两家银行已合并成一家大银行。

8 applicants   

申请人，求职人( applicant的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• There were over 500 applicants for the job. 有500多人申请这份工作。
• He was impressed by the high calibre of applicants for the job. 求职人员出色的能力给他留下了深刻印象。

9 sociologist   

n.研究社会学的人，社会学家

参考例句：

• His mother was a sociologist,researching socialism.他的母亲是个社会学家，研究社会主义。
• Max Weber is a great and outstanding sociologist.马克斯·韦伯是一位伟大的、杰出的社会学家。

10 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

11 sector   

n.部门，部分；防御地段，防区；扇形

参考例句：

• The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
• The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。

12 enraged   

使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤

参考例句：

• I was enraged to find they had disobeyed my orders. 发现他们违抗了我的命令，我极为恼火。
• The judge was enraged and stroke the table for several times. 大法官被气得连连拍案。

13 harassed   

adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He has complained of being harassed by the police. 他投诉受到警方侵扰。
• harassed mothers with their children 带着孩子的疲惫不堪的母亲们

14 replacement   

n.取代，替换，交换；替代品，代用品

参考例句：

• We are hard put to find a replacement for our assistant.我们很难找到一个人来代替我们的助手。
• They put all the students through the replacement examination.他们让所有的学生参加分班考试。

15 specimen   

n.样本，标本

参考例句：

• You'll need tweezers to hold up the specimen.你要用镊子来夹这标本。
• This specimen is richly variegated in colour.这件标本上有很多颜色。