美国学生历史 第136期:安德鲁·杰克逊的任期(2)

 　　303. The North and the South. 303．北方和南方

　　The South was now a great cotton-producing region. 此时，南方是一个巨大的棉花种植区，

　　This cotton was grown by negro slaves. 黑奴在这里种植棉花，

　　The North was now a great manufacturing and commercial region. 而北方不仅大力发展制造业和商业，

　　It was also a great agricultural region. 还在大力发展农业。

　　But the labor¹ in the mills, fields, and ships of the North was all free white labor. 但是，在北方作坊、田间和船只上工作的人都是自由的白人，

　　So the United States was really split into two sections: one devoted² to slavery and to a few great staples³, as cotton; 因此，美国事实上已经被分为两个部分：一部分坚持奴隶制，并致力于发展重要的主产物，如棉花；

　　the other devoted to free white labor and to industries of many kinds. 另一部分则奉行自由白人劳动力立场，并致力于发展各种工业。

　　304. The Political Situation, 1829. 304．政治环境（1829年）

　　The South was growing richer all the time; but the North was growing richer a great deal faster than was the South. 南方总是在日趋富足，而北方变得富庶的速度比南方要快得多。

　　Calhoun and other Southern men thought that this difference in the rate of progress was due to the protective system. 科恩和其他南方人认为这种发展速度的差异是由保护性制度所致，

　　In 1828 Congress had passed a tariff⁴ that was so bad that it was called the Tariff of Abominations. 1828年国会曾经通过一项关税，这项关税如此糟糕以至于被叫做"可憎的关税"。

　　The Southerners could not prevent its passage. 南方人阻止不了这项关税的通过，

　　But Calhoun wrote an "Exposition" of the constitutional doctrines⁵ in the case. 但科恩就此写了一份关于宪法条款的"评论"，

　　This paper was adopted by the legislature of Carolina as giving its ideas. 这份文件被南卡罗莱纳州的立法院当做参考。

　　In this paper Calhoun declared that the Constitution of the United States was a compact. 科恩在这份文件中称美国宪法是一份合约，

　　Each state was a sovereign state and could annul⁶ any law passed by Congress. 每个州都是一个有主权的州，都可以废除国会通过的任何法律；

　　The protective system was unjust and unequal in operation. 保护性制度不公正而且在操作中存在不平等，

　　It would bring "poverty and utter desolation to the South." 它会造成"贫穷并使得南方成为一片荒凉"，

　　The tariff act should be annulled⁷ by South Carolina and other Southern states. 因此关税法案应该在南卡罗莱纳州和其他南方各州废除。

1 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

2 devoted   

adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的

参考例句：

• He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。

3 staples   

n.（某国的）主要产品( staple的名词复数 )；钉书钉；U 形钉；主要部份v.用钉书钉钉住( staple的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The anvil onto which the staples are pressed was not assemble correctly. 订书机上的铁砧安装错位。 来自辞典例句
• I'm trying to make an analysis of the staples of his talk. 我在试行分析他的谈话的要旨。 来自辞典例句

4 tariff   

n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表

参考例句：

• There is a very high tariff on jewelry.宝石类的关税率很高。
• The government is going to lower the tariff on importing cars.政府打算降低进口汽车的关税。

5 doctrines   

n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明

参考例句：

• To modern eyes, such doctrines appear harsh, even cruel. 从现代的角度看，这样的教义显得苛刻，甚至残酷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• His doctrines have seduced many into error. 他的学说把许多人诱入歧途。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

6 annul   

v.宣告…无效，取消，废止

参考例句：

• They have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their own standing committees.他们有权改变或者撤销本级人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定。
• The courts later found grounds to annul the results,after the king urged them to sort out the "mess".在国王敦促法庭收拾烂摊子后，法庭随后宣布废除选举结果。

7 annulled   

v.宣告无效( annul的过去式和过去分词 )；取消；使消失；抹去

参考例句：

• Their marriage was annulled after just six months. 他们的婚姻仅过半年就宣告取消。
• Many laws made by the former regime have been annulled. 前政权制定的许多法律被宣布无效。 来自《简明英汉词典》