欧美人文风情第28篇:杜奇欧:《端坐宝座的圣母与圣婴及六位天使》

 You know, the Florentines get all the credit. 你知道，佛罗伦斯画派得到所有的功劳。

And it's important to remember that there was another major city in the 1300s that was also in Tuscany that was another independent republic. 很重要的是要记得还有个在1300年代同样也在托斯卡尼另一个独立共和国的另一个大城市。

And this is the Republic of Siena, with the capital city of Siena. 这是锡耶那共和国，还有锡耶那首都。

And there was an enormously important and influential¹ painter there whose name was Duccio. 这里有个名为杜奇欧的极其重要、极具影响力的画家。

And so let's look at one of his most important paintings, The Rucellai Madonna. 所以来看看他最重要的画作之一：〈端坐宝座的圣母与圣婴及六位天使〉。

We're looking at a painting of the Madonna holding the Christ Child surrounded by 3 angels on either side and 12 feet high. 我们正看着圣母抱着圣婴两侧各环绕三个天使、有12英尺高(约3.6公尺)的画作。

It's a very large painting. 这是非常巨大的画作。

Yeah, it's a huge painting. In fact, the Virgin² Mary herself is twice the height, if not larger, than a human being. 是的，这是很巨大的画作。事实上，圣母玛利亚她自己，如果没比两倍还大的话，最少也有人类的两倍高。

It's an altarpiece that's meant to be seen at a great distance within a huge church. 这是一幅刻意要在大教堂里隔着远距离观赏的祭坛装饰品。

And there's so many decorative³ patterns here on the throne. 在圣座上这里有许多装饰图样。

In the spaces in between the posts that make up the throne, we see reds and blues⁴. 在组成圣座的柱子间的空间，我们看到红色和蓝色。

And then we've got more patterning in the drapery behind the throne. 接着我们在圣座后的布帘上得到更多图样。

The characteristics that you're referencing are seen by our historians to be the definition of Sienese art of this time— 你提到的特色被我们的历史学家视为当时锡耶那艺术的定义－－

highly decorative, highly patterned, and with a subtlety⁵ of color that we don't often see in the Florentine. 高度装饰、高度以图样点缀、还有我们在佛罗伦斯画派中不常见到的色彩微妙之处。

First of all, Mary's whole body is in this lovely ultramarine blue, which was a very expensive paint. 首先，圣母的全身着以这个可人的深蓝色，在当时是一种非常昂贵的颜料。

But the angels, you see purples, and greens, and pinks, and blues. 但那些天使，你看到紫色、绿色、粉红色、和蓝色。

And they're subtle and prismatic in a way that we don't so much see in the flatter colors of the Florentine style. 他们很微妙又光彩夺目，在某种程度上我们看不到太多在佛罗伦斯画派风格中那些比实物更吸引人的颜色。

It's hard to see that Mary's sitting in her throne. The throne itself is so flat. 很难看出圣母正坐在她的圣座上。那圣座本身如此平坦。

It's almost the background against which she's seen. 那几乎是她被观赏时倚靠着的那背景。

There's so much details and so much decorative patterning in the throne, 在那圣座上有如此多细节、如此多装饰图样，

especially in the cloth that drapes the throne, that its structure gets lost, 尤其是垂挂在宝座的那布料上，其结构消失了，

because pattern, of course, does emphasize the two-dimensional. 因为当然那图样确实强调了那平面性。

You know, when I look at Sienese art, especially the Rucellai Madonna, 你知道，当我看着锡耶那艺术，特别是《端坐宝座的圣母与圣婴及六位天使》，

I tend to think of an artist who is so in love with the ability to create beauty. 我很容易会想到一个如此深爱创造美感能力的艺术家。

That pattern and form tend to trump⁶ the overall representation and the emphasis on any kind of naturalism or any physicality. 那图样和形式很容易胜过任何种类的自然主义与物质性的整体表现和重要性。

For instance, look at the Byzantine-influenced hands of Mary. 举例来说，看看那受到拜占庭影响的圣母之手。

Look how long those fingers are. 看看那些手指头有多长。

It's almost as if the artist has gotten lost in the length of those fingers as they wrap around Christ's waist. 几乎就像那艺术家迷失了那些手指的长度，当它们环抱着圣婴的腰时。

They're very beautiful, those hands. I'm thinking also about the amount of gold here. 它们非常美丽，那些手。我同样也在想这里黄金的份量。

We see the disappearance⁷ of all of that gold through the 1300s into the 1400s. 我们在1300年代到1400年代间看到所有那种金色消失。

Here, the painting's value is largely in that ultramarine paint that was expensive and in the use of gold. 在这里，这画作的价值大部分在于那昂贵的深蓝颜料和黄金的用量。

And what happens during the Renaissance⁸ is that the artist himself is valued. 在文艺复兴期间发生的是艺术家本身为人所重视。

The artist's skill becomes more valued. 艺术家的技术变得更加为人重视。

Not that Duccio's skill wasn't valued, but the value was also heavily in the materials that were used, 不是说杜奇欧的技术没被重视，而是那份重视程度极大部分也在于使用的材料、

that were often dictated⁹ by the patron. 通常由赞助者指定的材料。

Now, the ultramarine blue that you're referencing was actually made of the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli. 现在，你提到的深蓝颜料事实上是由次等贵重的宝石青金石所制成的。

And during the Renaissance, the only mines that were available for lapis were in Afghanistan, 在文艺复兴期间，唯一能取得青金石的矿山在阿富汗，

still a remote place for us in the 21st century. 对二十一世纪的我们来说仍是很遥远的地方。

One can only imagine how exotic and rare and difficult importing from Afghanistan would have been in the 1200s. 可想而知在1200年代从阿富汗进口会是多么奇特、罕见、和困难。

And here we have an enormous quantity of that color being used. 这里我们看到很大量的那颜色被使用。

This is, in some ways, ostentatious. 这是，就某方面来说，很豪华的。

In some ways, this is a painting that is broadcasting its value, its wealth, its importance. 就某方面来说，这是一幅散播其价值、其财富、其重要性的画作。

What's so interesting is this was a commission for the main altar in Santa Maria Novella in Florence, 如此有趣的是这是给予佛罗伦斯新圣母玛利亚教堂主祭台的委托画作，

although it's by a Sienese artist. 虽然它是由一个锡耶那艺术家绘制的。

And Santa Maria Novella is the main Dominican church, that is, one of the mendicant¹⁰ orders, 新圣母玛利亚教堂是最重要的道明会教堂，也就是托钵修道会之一，

this order of begging monks¹¹ that had renounced¹² worldly possessions. 这个抛弃尘世财物的行乞修道士的教团。

So there's this interesting kind of tension. 所以有这种有趣的冲突。

We mentioned that this is called the Rucellai Madonna and that's a later title. 我们提到这幅画称作《端坐宝座的圣母与圣婴及六位天使》，

This painting was later moved away from the main altar in Santa Maria Novella and into the Rucellai Chapel¹³, 那是稍后的画名。这幅画后来从新圣母玛利亚教堂的主祭台被移走，放到鲁奇拉礼拜堂里，

that is, the private chapel that was controlled by the Florentine family, the Rucellai. 也就是由佛罗伦斯鲁奇拉家族所管理的私人小礼拜堂。

 

1 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

2 virgin   

n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的

参考例句：

• Have you ever been to a virgin forest?你去过原始森林吗？
• There are vast expanses of virgin land in the remote regions.在边远地区有大片大片未开垦的土地。

3 decorative   

adj.装饰的，可作装饰的

参考例句：

• This ware is suitable for decorative purpose but unsuitable for utility.这种器皿中看不中用。
• The style is ornate and highly decorative.这种风格很华丽，而且装饰效果很好。

4 blues   

n.抑郁，沮丧；布鲁斯音乐

参考例句：

• She was in the back of a smoky bar singing the blues.她在烟雾弥漫的酒吧深处唱着布鲁斯歌曲。
• He was in the blues on account of his failure in business.他因事业失败而意志消沉。

5 subtlety   

n.微妙，敏锐，精巧；微妙之处，细微的区别

参考例句：

• He has shown enormous strength,great intelligence and great subtlety.他表现出充沛的精力、极大的智慧和高度的灵活性。
• The subtlety of his remarks was unnoticed by most of his audience.大多数听众都没有觉察到他讲话的微妙之处。

6 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

7 disappearance   

n.消失，消散，失踪

参考例句：

• He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance.他难以说明她为什么不见了。
• Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumours.她失踪一事引起了各种流言蜚语。

8 renaissance   

n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴

参考例句：

• The Renaissance was an epoch of unparalleled cultural achievement.文艺复兴是一个文化上取得空前成就的时代。
• The theme of the conference is renaissance Europe.大会的主题是文艺复兴时期的欧洲。

9 dictated   

v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布

参考例句：

• He dictated a letter to his secretary. 他向秘书口授信稿。
• No person of a strong character likes to be dictated to. 没有一个个性强的人愿受人使唤。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 mendicant   

n.乞丐；adj.行乞的

参考例句：

• He seemed not an ordinary mendicant.他好象不是寻常的乞丐。
• The one-legged mendicant begins to beg from door to door.独腿乞丐开始挨门乞讨。

11 monks   

n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The monks lived a very ascetic life. 僧侣过着很清苦的生活。
• He had been trained rigorously by the monks. 他接受过修道士的严格训练。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 renounced   

v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃

参考例句：

• We have renounced the use of force to settle our disputes. 我们已再次宣布放弃使用武力来解决争端。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Andrew renounced his claim to the property. 安德鲁放弃了财产的所有权。 来自《简明英汉词典》

13 chapel   

n.小教堂，殡仪馆

参考例句：

• The nimble hero,skipped into a chapel that stood near.敏捷的英雄跳进近旁的一座小教堂里。
• She was on the peak that Sunday afternoon when she played in chapel.那个星期天的下午，她在小教堂的演出，可以说是登峰造极。