-
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
Voice 1
Voice 2
And I’m Liz Waid. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand no matter where in the world they live.
Voice 1
Yawning3. It is something that people everywhere do. It is a simple motion4. Open your mouth extremely5 wide. Pull air into your mouth. Your lungs expand to fill with fresh air. The muscles6 near your stomach pull in. Your whole body feels a good stretch. Then you blow the rest of the air out.
Voice 2
As you were listening, did you just yawn2? That is another interesting thing about yawning. It is contagious7. That is, when a person sees another person yawning, she may yawn too. Yawns8 seem to move from person to person. In fact, we may only need to HEAR or SEE the word yawn to begin yawning.
Voice 1
But why do we yawn? Is there a reason? Why is yawning contagious? These are some of the questions we aim to answer in today’s program. Today’s Spotlight is on yawning.
Voice 2
Scientists all over the world have tried to understand why people yawn. Andrew Gallup is a behavioral biologist9 at Princeton University. He studies how a person’s behavior and body are linked. He told Sciencenews.org:
Voice 3
Voice 1
A yawn seems like a simple thing. We do not even think about yawning when we do it. It is an involuntary action. People do not choose to yawn. It is a natural reaction of the body. But yawning is really very complex11. It involves many parts of a person’s body. Yawning has a physical effect on our bodies. Studies have shown that yawning increases a person’s heart rate. His heart beats faster. Yawning increases the flow of blood in a person’s body.
Voice 2
Scientists do have some theories about why people yawn. Some of the theories are social theories. One social theory about yawning is a very simple one. People yawn when they are tired or bored - that is, when they are not interested in what is going on around them. But many people yawn even if they are not tired. For example, even Olympic athletes may yawn when they are getting ready to compete. People do yawn when they are tired. But this cannot be the only reason why people yawn.
Voice 1
Some scientists believe people yawn because our bodies have changed to do that through history. They say ancient people learned12 to yawn over many years. People may have begun yawning as a way to quickly communicate with other people around them. For example, imagine you are a person living many thousands of years ago. Imagine you saw a dangerous animal, like a lion or tiger. If you made a sound, the animal might hear you. But, if you open your mouth wide into a yawn, you can communicate your message quietly. However, this theory does not really explain why people yawn. If yawns communicate danger, why do we yawn when we are tired?
Voice 2
Other theories say people yawn for a particular physical purpose. For example, maybe yawning helps a person’s body to get more oxygen. Oxygen is one important gas in air. When we breathe, we pull oxygen into our lungs. It is necessary to make our bodies work. Could yawning mean a person is trying to get more oxygen?
Voice 1
Robert Provine is also an expert on yawning. He led an experiment in 1987 to test this theory. He tested the theory on a group of college students. He wanted to discover if students yawned13 more when there was less oxygen.
Voice 2
Provine observed the students while they breathed different kinds of air. But it did not matter how much oxygen was in the air. Students all yawned at the same rate. He believes that yawning does not have anything to do with breathing. People do not yawn to get more oxygen.
Voice 1
A more recent theory about yawning suggests people yawn to keep their brains cool. Andrew Gallup led a study to test this theory. Gallup studied 80 people in the winter, and 80 in the summer. He found that people were more likely to yawn in the summer than in the winter. He believes this is because it is more difficult for a person’s brain to stay cool in the summer. A cooler brain can work better. So, when it is hot, a person’s body begins a yawn. The yawn pulls in air to cool the brain.
Voice 2
Is this the real reason people yawn? No one really knows for sure. People have been asking this question for thousands of years!
Voice 1
But there is another mystery about yawning. Why is yawning so contagious? Doctor Catriona Morrison is a psychologist14. She studies human behaviour. And she teaches at the University of Leeds. She told the BBC15:
Voice 4
“Contagious yawning is a very interesting behaviour. You do not need to see the yawn. You do not even need to hear the yawn. You can just read about it or think about it and it gets you going.”
Voice 2
Doctor Morrison led a team of researchers to investigate16 contagious yawning. Researchers used students for their experiment. Each student sat in a room with a secret researcher. The secret researcher yawned often. Researchers observed if the students yawned too - and how many times. After ten minutes, each student took a short test. In the test, the student tried to identify the feelings of another person. Doctor Morrison’s team discovered that the students who yawned were more likely to also understand another person’s feelings. This is the idea of empathy - being able to understand the way another person feels. Doctor Morrison told the BBC:
Voice 4
“We believe that contagious yawning shows empathy. It shows that a person can understand another person’s body and mind.”
Voice 2
Yawning is not very contagious for every person. People who have trouble feeling empathy will not yawn contagiously17. And children do not experience contagious yawning until about age four. This is about the age when children develop the ability to feel empathy.
Voice 1
The link between yawning and empathy is solid18. Scientists have also taken pictures of people’s brains. These pictures show areas that are active when a person is reacting19 to yawning. The same areas are active when a person is thinking about another person’s feelings.
Voice 2
Yawning is just one of the amazing and strange things our bodies do. We may never know why people yawn, or why yawning is contagious. But one thing is sure. Many people think of a yawn as something rude. So if you must yawn, make sure you cover your mouth while you do it!
Voice 1
The writer and producer of this program was Liz Waid. The voices you heard were from the United20 Kingdom and the United States. All quotes21 were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this program again, and read it, on the internet at www.radioenglish.net. This program is called, ‘Why Do I Yawn?’
Voice 2
You can also leave your comments on our website. And find us on Facebook - just search for Spotlight Radio. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye.
*Some of the music in this program came from Podington Bear*
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
spotlight
|
|
| n.公众注意的中心，聚光灯，探照灯，视听，注意，醒目 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
yawn
|
|
| n.呵欠；v.打呵欠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
yawning
|
|
| n.打呵欠adj.张着大嘴的，打哈欠的v.打呵欠( yawn的现在分词 )；张开，裂开 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
motion
|
|
| n.打手势，示意，移动，动作，提议，大便；v.运动，向...打手势，示意 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
extremely
|
|
| adv.极其，非常，极度 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
muscles
|
|
| n.肌肉( muscle的名词复数 )；（操纵他人的）力量；权力；肌肉组织 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
contagious
|
|
| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
yawns
|
|
| n.乏味或枯燥的事物( yawn的名词复数 )v.打呵欠( yawn的第三人称单数 )；张开，裂开 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
biologist
|
|
| n.生物学家 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
planet
|
|
| n.行星 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
complex
|
|
| adj.复杂的，合成的，综合的；n.联合体 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
learned
|
|
| adj.有学问的，博学的；learn的过去式和过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
yawned
|
|
| v.打呵欠( yawn的过去式和过去分词 )；张开，裂开 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
psychologist
|
|
| n.心理学家；心理学研究者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
BBC
|
|
| abbr.（=British Broadcasting Corporation）英国广播公司 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
investigate
|
|
| vt.调查，调查研究；vi.调查，调查研究 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
contagiously
|
|
| 传染性地，蔓延地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
solid
|
|
| adj.固体的，结实的，可靠的，实心的；n.固体，实心；adv. 一致地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
reacting
|
|
| 起反应的，反应的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
united
|
|
| adj.和谐的；团结的；联合的，统一的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
quotes
|
|
| v.引用，援引( quote的第三人称单数 )；报价；引述；为（股票、黄金或外汇）报价 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
购买
在百度中搜索